animal reproduction and genetics. estrus cycle time during which the female will accept the male...
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Animal Reproduction and Genetics
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Estrus Cycle
Time during which the female will accept the male for breeding
Length of estrus cycle in both cattle and swine is about 21 days
The actual time a cow is in heat is about 16-18 hours, sow about 2 days
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Estrus Cycle
http://www.hyperionfarm.com/Estrous.htm
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Estrus Cycle
There are several signs of heat including swelling of the vulva, frequent urination, nervousness or restlessness, mounting other animals and letting other animals mount.
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Estrus Cycle
Best indication that a cow is ready to breed is when she stands when mounted by another cow
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Ovulation
Number of young that animals gives birth to at one time is indication of number of eggs released or ovulated
Sows: 1-15 Cows generally 1
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Ovulation-Fertilization
http://www.visembryo.com/baby/stage1.html
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Ovulation
At ovulation, fertilization will take place and the animal will become pregnant if the animal is bred so that the egg cell and live sperm are present at the same time
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Fertilization
http://www.visembryo.com/baby/stage2.html
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Artificial Insemination
Placing sperm in the female reproductive tract using other than natural processes
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Artificial Insemination
Cow: person’s hand is inserted into the cow’s rectum to grasp the cervix, and then then inseminating tube or rod is used to deposit the bull semen from the middle of the cervix to just into the body of the uterus when the cow is in heat
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AI- transfer gun
http://www.agtechinc.com/store/products.cfm?action=showThumb&start=1&DeptCode=38
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Artificial Insemination
Advantages Wider variety of superior bulls Increases number of cows bred to
superior bulls Reduces the spread of diseases Don’t have to keep bulls on the
farm
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Artificial Insemination
Disadvantages: Requires a trained inseminator Requires more time and herd
supervision
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Embryo Transfer
Superovulation of donor with hormones
Artificial insemination Flush embryos and remove with
catheter Isolate and classify embryos
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Embryo Transfer
Store embryos in liquid nitrogen Transfer embryos to recipient cows Diagnose pregnancy 1 to 3 months
later Birth 9 months after transfer of
embryos
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Embryo Transfer
Advantage: Genes of the female (dam) can be
passed to more offspring faster than natural breeding
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Embryo Transfer
http://www.agtechinc.com/overview/
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Cloning Cattle Using Nuclear Transfer Process: Flush and remove embryos with
catheter same as regular ET Filter the flushed liquid to remove
embryos Remove genetic material from
recipient oocytes
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Cloning Cattle Using Nuclear Transfer The nuclei are removed through
microsurgery The nuclei are separated and each
one is transferred to an unfertilized egg cell that has had its nucleus removed (thus the term nuclear transfer)
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Nuclear transfer
http://www.roslin.ac.uk/library/
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Cloning Cattle Using Nuclear Transfer Plugs with 3 or 4 embryos are placed
in oviducts for 5 to 6 days to develop to the 32 to 64 cell stage
Embryos are removed and placed into surrogate mothers, frozen for long term storage or used to produce another generation of cloned embryos
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Stages of Nuclear transfer
http://www.roslin.ac.uk/library/
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Cloning Cattle Using Nuclear Transfer Advantages: Increased herd uniformity Increase herd quality Produce genetically identical
animals
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Parturition Process
Begins when increased estrogen causes the uterus muscles to contract
First water bag appears, enlarges and breaks open
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Parturition Process- water bag breaking
http://www.lapc.cc.ca.us/usr/shapirls/Parturition_in_the_horse.htm
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Parturition Process
Soon afterwards, the second water bag containing the fetus breaks open and the presentation of the animal begins
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Parturition process- amnion sac
http://www.lapc.cc.ca.us/usr/shapirls/Parturition_in_the_horse.htm
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Parturition Process
Normal position of the fetus at birth is front feet first, followed by the nose, then the head, shoulders, middle, hips, rear legs, and feet
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Parturition process- foaling
http://www.lapc.cc.ca.us/usr/shapirls/Parturition_in_the_horse.htm
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Parturition Process
Several hours later, the placenta and other membranes (afterbirth) are expelled.
Afterbirth must be expelled or the animal will become sick
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Parturition process- placenta
http://www.lapc.cc.ca.us/usr/shapirls/Parturition_in_the_horse.htm
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Parturition Process
Any presentation that does not have the order as previously stated is abnormal and could cause problems such as death of the young or the mother
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Body Conditioning
Important because it affects conception in cows, and the goal is to have each cow give birth and wean a calf every year
Underconditioned or thin cows are the major cause of all reproductive problems
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Timing
Size is the most important consideration when breeding heifers that are sexually mature (550-750 pounds)
Age is second (2 years calve) Calving in the herd should occur
during a 40 to 60 day period
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Synchronization of Estrus
Use of hormones to cause all the female sin a herd to come into heat in a short period of time
Shorter breeding and calving seasons are advantages
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Multiple farrowing
Arranging the breeding program so that groups of sows farrow at regular intervals throughout the year
The number in the group should match facilities
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Advantages
Higher average prices for hogs sold because sales are spread throughout the year
Spreading income throughout the year
More efficient use of facilities
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Disadvantages
Requires better management Requires a year-round labor supply
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Other considerations
Because the producer needs to make maximum use of farrowing facility capacity, it is very important that conception rates and litter sizes be the best possible
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Other considerations
Disease prevention and control, proper boar to sow ratio and breeding each sow at least twice during each heat period (multiple breeding) increase conception rates
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Reproduction Practices in Poultry
AI is used for large, heavy breeds of turkeys because of low fertility rates and eh large size of males (toms) used for natural breeding
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Reproduction Practices in Poultry
Since chickens and turkeys come from fertile eggs, reproduction efficiency involves the eggs being fertile, the incubation process and control of diseases
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Reproduction Practices in Poultry
In breeding flocks, eggs are gathered several times each day and packed with the large end up to protect the air cell
Hatching eggs are fumigated with chemicals to help prevent the spread of egg-borne diseases
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Palpation
The process of diagnosing pregnancy by feeling the reproductive tract of a cow
Experience is necessary for accuracy because the person doing the diagnosis compares the feel and size of different parts of the tract to determine the stage of pregnancy
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Palpation
Good website
http://www.animal.ufl.edu/hansen/protocols/palpation.manual.htm
http://www.breeders.umn.edu/ansc3023/ai/sld011.htm
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Palpation
Must use plastic sleeves and lubricant to palpate in the rectum
Breeding records are used to indicate when the cow was bred and when to check for pregnancy
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Genotype
Kinds of gene pairs the animal has
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Genes
Dominant: hides or dominates the effect of the other gene in the pair and is indicated by upper case letters
Recessive: is hidden or covered by the gene in the pair and is indicated by lower-case letters
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Gene pairs
Homozygous carries two genes for the same trait (uppercase letter or lowercase letter)
Heterozygous carries two different genes for the same trait (uppercase letter and lowercase letter)
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Gene pairs
See Gillespie p 180-2 IMS p 8406 p 8834-A, B
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Sex determination
After meiosis, one half the sperm carries an X chromosome and one half carries a Y
All ova carry an X chromosome In mammals XX females, XY male
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Sex determination in poultry
Males carry ZZ Females carry ZW Sex is determined by females
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Sex Linked Characteristics
Some traits are carried on X some on Y– Those on Y are only transmitted
from fathers to sons– Certain genes are expressed only in
one sex even if carried on both chromosomes (lactation, egg laying, rooster tail feathers, etc.)
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Terms
Sex linked are often recessive and covered by dominant genes
Incomplete Dominance: takes place when one gene does not completely hide or dominate another gene, mixture of two genes (example roan: combo of red/white)
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Terms
Linkage: tendency for certain traits to appear in groups in the offspring because the genes for those traits are located near each other on the chromosome and stay together to pass traits in groups
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Terms
Crossover: when chromosomes cross over one another and split to form new chromosomes with different combinations of genes
Mutation: when a new trait appears which did NOT exist in the genetics of either parent
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Punnett Square
See Gillespie p 181-4
THE END!!!!!