the reproductive cycle. cattle reproductive cycle calves voluntary waiting period breed after this...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: The Reproductive Cycle. Cattle reproductive cycle Calves Voluntary waiting period Breed after this date](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c0071a28abf838cc6340/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Reproductive Cycle
![Page 2: The Reproductive Cycle. Cattle reproductive cycle Calves Voluntary waiting period Breed after this date](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c0071a28abf838cc6340/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Cattle reproductive cycle
Calves
Voluntary waiting period
Breed after this date
![Page 3: The Reproductive Cycle. Cattle reproductive cycle Calves Voluntary waiting period Breed after this date](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c0071a28abf838cc6340/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Calving
Voluntary waiting period
1st breeding – anytime after VWP
Later breedings
Conception
Cycle from one calving until the next calving
The Reproductive Cycle
Gestation
![Page 4: The Reproductive Cycle. Cattle reproductive cycle Calves Voluntary waiting period Breed after this date](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c0071a28abf838cc6340/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Voluntary Waiting Period
Determined by herd owner
Fixed period following calving before attempting to breed cow
Usually between 40 and 70 days; is the same for all cows in the herd
![Page 5: The Reproductive Cycle. Cattle reproductive cycle Calves Voluntary waiting period Breed after this date](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c0071a28abf838cc6340/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Days to first service
Number of days between calving and when the animal is bred for the first time
Calculated on a herd basis – not for an individual animal
Animal may or may not conceive to this breeding/service
![Page 6: The Reproductive Cycle. Cattle reproductive cycle Calves Voluntary waiting period Breed after this date](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c0071a28abf838cc6340/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Dairy reproductive terms – linear display
Calves
Bred for 1st time
Days to 1st service
![Page 7: The Reproductive Cycle. Cattle reproductive cycle Calves Voluntary waiting period Breed after this date](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c0071a28abf838cc6340/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Days Open
Number of days between calving and conception
Calculated on a herd basis – not for an individual animal
![Page 8: The Reproductive Cycle. Cattle reproductive cycle Calves Voluntary waiting period Breed after this date](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c0071a28abf838cc6340/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Calves
Bred for 1st time and conceives
Days open
Days to 1st service
Days open & Days to first service - linear display
![Page 9: The Reproductive Cycle. Cattle reproductive cycle Calves Voluntary waiting period Breed after this date](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c0071a28abf838cc6340/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Days open + Days to first service - linear display
Calves
Bred for 1st time
Bred again and conceives
Days to 1st service
Days open
![Page 10: The Reproductive Cycle. Cattle reproductive cycle Calves Voluntary waiting period Breed after this date](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c0071a28abf838cc6340/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Reproductive terms – linear display
Calves
Bred for 1st time - 1st service
Bred again (3rd service) and conceives
Days open
Bred again- 2nd service
Days to 1st service
![Page 11: The Reproductive Cycle. Cattle reproductive cycle Calves Voluntary waiting period Breed after this date](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c0071a28abf838cc6340/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Gestation period
Number of days that a cow is pregnant
Number of days from conception to birth of the fetus
Average gestation: 279 days – there are breed differences
![Page 12: The Reproductive Cycle. Cattle reproductive cycle Calves Voluntary waiting period Breed after this date](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c0071a28abf838cc6340/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Calving Interval
Period from one calving until the next
Measured in months
Calculated on a herd basis – not for an individual animal
Days open + Gestation period
Calving interval
![Page 13: The Reproductive Cycle. Cattle reproductive cycle Calves Voluntary waiting period Breed after this date](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c0071a28abf838cc6340/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Reproductive terms – linear display
Calves
Calves again
Calving interval
![Page 14: The Reproductive Cycle. Cattle reproductive cycle Calves Voluntary waiting period Breed after this date](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c0071a28abf838cc6340/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Holstein-Fresian cattle
Grolier Electronic Publishing, Inc.
Reproduction
Biological Efficiency
Production Efficiency
Profitability
![Page 15: The Reproductive Cycle. Cattle reproductive cycle Calves Voluntary waiting period Breed after this date](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c0071a28abf838cc6340/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Improving Reproductive efficiency
Shortening Post-partum interval
Submission Rates
Conception Rates
![Page 16: The Reproductive Cycle. Cattle reproductive cycle Calves Voluntary waiting period Breed after this date](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c0071a28abf838cc6340/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Post-Partum Interval
Dairy Cows Mean=26 days(15-50 Days)
Beef Cows Mean=55 days(25-180 Day)
![Page 17: The Reproductive Cycle. Cattle reproductive cycle Calves Voluntary waiting period Breed after this date](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c0071a28abf838cc6340/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Aim to have a calf per cow
per year with peak lactation
to correspond with peak
grass growth
Postpartum reproduction - cattle
![Page 18: The Reproductive Cycle. Cattle reproductive cycle Calves Voluntary waiting period Breed after this date](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c0071a28abf838cc6340/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
To Ensure Rapid Onset of Oestrous Cycles Post Calving
• Cows calve in a moderate BCS• Ensure high DM intakes post calving &
minimise BCS loss – Minimise Negative Energy Balance (NEB)
• Calve heifers early• Consistently use Sire with strongly positive
sub indices for Fertility
![Page 19: The Reproductive Cycle. Cattle reproductive cycle Calves Voluntary waiting period Breed after this date](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c0071a28abf838cc6340/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Heat Detection Rate
Conception Rate
Pregnancy Rate
Main Factors Affecting Pregnancy Rate
![Page 20: The Reproductive Cycle. Cattle reproductive cycle Calves Voluntary waiting period Breed after this date](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c0071a28abf838cc6340/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
The Effect of Different Heat Detection and Conception Rate on % of Herd Pregnant at 90 Days After Onset of Breeding Season
Conception rate
60 50 40 30
90 96 91 83 71
70 91 82 73 61
50 76 68 59 48
HeatDetectionRate %
40 67 59 50 4059
![Page 21: The Reproductive Cycle. Cattle reproductive cycle Calves Voluntary waiting period Breed after this date](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c0071a28abf838cc6340/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Heat Detection
![Page 22: The Reproductive Cycle. Cattle reproductive cycle Calves Voluntary waiting period Breed after this date](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c0071a28abf838cc6340/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Breeding
• Use of AI
• Heat detection
• Factors affecting conception rate
![Page 23: The Reproductive Cycle. Cattle reproductive cycle Calves Voluntary waiting period Breed after this date](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c0071a28abf838cc6340/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Primary Sign of Heat
![Page 24: The Reproductive Cycle. Cattle reproductive cycle Calves Voluntary waiting period Breed after this date](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c0071a28abf838cc6340/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Secondary Signs of Heat
• Sliming
• Restlessness
• Mounting activity
• Trailing other cows
• Bellowing
• Mounting or dirt marks
• Skin Marks
• Met-oestrous bleeding
![Page 25: The Reproductive Cycle. Cattle reproductive cycle Calves Voluntary waiting period Breed after this date](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c0071a28abf838cc6340/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Mucous vaginal discharge
![Page 26: The Reproductive Cycle. Cattle reproductive cycle Calves Voluntary waiting period Breed after this date](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c0071a28abf838cc6340/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Chin resting
![Page 27: The Reproductive Cycle. Cattle reproductive cycle Calves Voluntary waiting period Breed after this date](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c0071a28abf838cc6340/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Reproductive inefficiency in dairy • Anestrus
– Failure to observe heat &– True anestrous
• Failure to breed– Management decision
• Failure to conceive– Fertilization failure (male size)– Fertilization (female size)– AI technique
• Early embryonic death• Stillbirth / dystocia
![Page 28: The Reproductive Cycle. Cattle reproductive cycle Calves Voluntary waiting period Breed after this date](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c0071a28abf838cc6340/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Target of reproductive performance
• One calf one year Calves Young Stock
• 305 milking days Milk production
![Page 29: The Reproductive Cycle. Cattle reproductive cycle Calves Voluntary waiting period Breed after this date](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c0071a28abf838cc6340/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: The Reproductive Cycle. Cattle reproductive cycle Calves Voluntary waiting period Breed after this date](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c0071a28abf838cc6340/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Fertility indices in dairy cattle
• Calving interval 365 d• Calving to conceive 85 d• Mean calving to 1st service 65 d• Cows showing heat at 60 days PP 85 %• Conception rate to 1st service 70 %• Conception rate all service 58 %• Service per conception < 1.5• Average first calving 24 m
![Page 31: The Reproductive Cycle. Cattle reproductive cycle Calves Voluntary waiting period Breed after this date](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c0071a28abf838cc6340/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
1. Transmitter with pressuresensitive button on top
))))))))
))))))))
))))))))
))))))))
)
2. Mounted onto cow’s rumpusing a patch and adhesive
3. The receiver accepts the mounting activity signal from the transmitter
Receiver
4. Information is transferred tocomputer for processing by
HeatWatch software.
~1/2 mile range
Heat Watch
![Page 32: The Reproductive Cycle. Cattle reproductive cycle Calves Voluntary waiting period Breed after this date](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c0071a28abf838cc6340/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
![Page 33: The Reproductive Cycle. Cattle reproductive cycle Calves Voluntary waiting period Breed after this date](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c0071a28abf838cc6340/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
![Page 34: The Reproductive Cycle. Cattle reproductive cycle Calves Voluntary waiting period Breed after this date](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c0071a28abf838cc6340/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
![Page 35: The Reproductive Cycle. Cattle reproductive cycle Calves Voluntary waiting period Breed after this date](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c0071a28abf838cc6340/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
New technologies tools
• Pre-implantation genetic diagnostic embryo screening
• Genomics, Proteomics Bioinformatics
![Page 36: The Reproductive Cycle. Cattle reproductive cycle Calves Voluntary waiting period Breed after this date](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c0071a28abf838cc6340/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
![Page 37: The Reproductive Cycle. Cattle reproductive cycle Calves Voluntary waiting period Breed after this date](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c0071a28abf838cc6340/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
![Page 38: The Reproductive Cycle. Cattle reproductive cycle Calves Voluntary waiting period Breed after this date](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c0071a28abf838cc6340/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Transitional period managements
• Before calving 2-3 weeks
• Calving period
• Post-caving period 2-3 weeks
![Page 39: The Reproductive Cycle. Cattle reproductive cycle Calves Voluntary waiting period Breed after this date](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c0071a28abf838cc6340/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Reproductive efficiency in sow and gilt
• Farrowing rate• Farrowing index • Conception rate• Non-productive or empty day• Piglet born per sow per year– Total number and number of born live
![Page 40: The Reproductive Cycle. Cattle reproductive cycle Calves Voluntary waiting period Breed after this date](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c0071a28abf838cc6340/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Reproductive cycle
• Gestation 115 days• Lactation 21-28
days• Interval from weaning to estrus 5 days• Total days per cycle 141-148
days
Farrowing index = 2.5 -2.6
![Page 41: The Reproductive Cycle. Cattle reproductive cycle Calves Voluntary waiting period Breed after this date](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c0071a28abf838cc6340/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Targets for reproductive efficiency• Litters/sow/year >2.3• Farrowing rate > 85 %• Non-repeat rate >90 %• Liter size >11.5– Born live >11– Born dead <0.5– Mummified <0.5
![Page 42: The Reproductive Cycle. Cattle reproductive cycle Calves Voluntary waiting period Breed after this date](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c0071a28abf838cc6340/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Reproductive problem
• Anestrus
• Conception failure
• Pregnancy failure
![Page 43: The Reproductive Cycle. Cattle reproductive cycle Calves Voluntary waiting period Breed after this date](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c0071a28abf838cc6340/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Anestrus
• Delay estrus – Weaning to estrus 4-6 days
• Absence of estrus behavior• Subestrus
- Boar estrus detection accurate 98 %- Stimulate 20 minute per days
![Page 44: The Reproductive Cycle. Cattle reproductive cycle Calves Voluntary waiting period Breed after this date](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c0071a28abf838cc6340/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Treatment of anestrus
• True anestrus
• 400 IU eCG and 200IU hCG (PG600)– Estrus 87.6 %