animal cloning - copy

8/7/2019 ANIMAL CLONING - Copy

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y CLONING

y ANIMAL CLONING

y DOLLY THE SHEEPy THE PROCESS OF ANIMAL CLONING

y ETHICS OF ANIMAL CLONING

y DISADVANTAGES OF CLONING

y IMPORTANCE OF CLONING


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y Cloning generally is the process of producing similarpopulations of genetically identical individuals.

y The term clone is derived from the Greek languagewhich means trunk or branch referring to processwhere a new plant can be created from a twig.

y Cloning in biotechnology refers to process used to

create copies of dna fragments, cells or organisms.


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y Animal cloning is the process by which an entire organismis reproduced from a single cell taken from the parentorganism in a genetically identical manner.

y This means the entire organism is exactly duplicate in everyway of its parent, it has the same exact dna.

y This happens frequently in nature like development oftwins and asexual reproduction in certain organisms.

y

With the advancement of biological technology, it is nowpossible to artificially recreate the process of animalcloning.

y Animal cloning can be done for both reproductive andnon-reproductive or therapeutic purposes.


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y Dolly (5 July 1996- 14 Feb. 2003),a female domestic sheeplived for six yrs.

y She was named after a famous western singer DOLLYPARTON.

y Dolly was created by Ian Wilmot et al.., at Roslyn Institutein Edinburg, Scotland in 1996.

y The first successful instance of animal cloning was that of

DOLLY the sheep, it not only lived but went on toreproduce herself and naturally.

y She was not created of embryonic cell like previousinstance, but from a developed mammary gland cell takenfrom a full grown sheep.


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y Dolly was the only lamb that survived to adulthoodfrom 277 attempts.

y She produced six lambs, Her first lamb called Bonnie,was born in April 1998. The next year Dolly producedtwin lambs Sally and Rosie, and she gave birth totriplets Lucy, Darcy and Cotton in the year after that.

yOn 14 Feb 2003 dolly died due to lung disease andsevere arthritis and also due to shortening oftelomeres.


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y Dolly was cloned from adult somatic cell using nucleartransfer.

y Cells used as donor for cloning of dolly was taken from a

mammary gland.y The technique was Somatic cell nuclear transfer.y There is another method called embryo twinning where

the embryo is split in maturation before embryo transfer at6-8 cell stage.

y This can increase the no. of embryos and if both theembryo are successful, it gives rise to monozygotic twins.y The embryo twinning was not successful, but the somatic

cell nuclear transfer method was found successful.


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Cell nucleus from adult cell is taken

It is transferred to unfertilized oocyte that has its nucleus

removed

Hybrid cell is then stimulated to divide by an electric shock.

When it develops into a blastocyst, it is implanted in asurrogate mother


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y Short life span.

y Causes mutation in somatic cell nuclear transfer.

y Causes nuclear-mitochondrial incompatible leading todeath.

y Telomeric shortening leading to premature aging &early death.

y Its an expensive process.y It still remains experimental.


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y Scientists consider the process of animal cloning to be againstnature , particularly in the instance of cloning human beings.

y The truth is that most of the general public are not aware of the

exact details involved in cloning and as a result there are a lot ofmisconceptions about the entire matter.y In some countries, animal cloning is allowed but not human

cloning.y Concerns also exist regarding the protection of the identity of

the individual and right to protect ones genetic identity.

y On Dec 28 2006, US Food & Drug Administration (FDA)approved the consumption of meat from cloned animals.y Critics have raised objections to FDAs approval.


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y It is possible to create identical copies.

y Can create transgenic cow which produces more milk.

y Organ transplantation.y Endangered species can be cloned.

y Cloning is used to produce stem cells that can be usedfor therapeutic purposes.


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animal cloning - copy

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