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Type I : Present Past.Subject1 + wish(es)+ + subject 2 +verb in the past simple.I wish she were here.If only + subject+ verb in the past simple.If only she were here. .!. "If only # wish + cause only. " $ffirmative%&'ne ative

!e in present( am is are) She is absent now *ereIf onl

y shewerent absent.erb in the present

,e breaks his promises-i n/t + verbI wish he i n/t brea0 his promises.

-on/t# oesn/t+ verb Shedoesnt speak rench.

erb in the past simpleIf only shespoke rench.

o als 3an coul will woul

ay mi ht shall shoulust#have to ha to#

i n/t have to

Past of mo alI must wa0e up early tomorrowIf only Ididnt have to wa0e up early tomorrow

Type II : Past Past PerfectSubject 1+ wish(es)+ subject 2+verb in the past perfect( ha +pp)+.If only + subject+ verb in the past perfect. .!. "If only # wish + cause only. " $ffirmative%&'ne ative!e in the past( was#were) 4hey were careless.

,a (n/t) beenIf only theyhadnt been careless

erb in the past I forgot my passwor .

,a n/t+ppI wish Ihadnt forgotten my passwor .

-i n/t+ verb I didnt see the film.

,a +ppI wish Ihad seen the film.

*here& place who& people# subject*hen & time whom &people#object*hose & possession which &thin sSentences 5ef. *h6

wor3ombinations

I 0now the man. Helives here.

People#subj who I 0now the man who lives here

I know the man. Youretalking about him

People/obj whom I know the man about whom youare talking

I too0 the boo0. It wason the table.

4hin s *hich I too0 the boo0 which was on thetable

I li0e the car. Its colouris re .

Possession *hose I li0e the car whose colour is re .

I want to be in a place.4here is nobo y in that place.

Place *here I want to be in a place where thereis nobo y

I love the time. *e areto ether in that time.

4ime when I love the time when we areto ether.

I- Infinitives are verbs with "to" such as "to study", "to pretend" and " to imagine". there are basically ! ru les governing the use o in initives#

$% &erb' to'verb " deu( verbes )ui se suivent, le deu(i*me se met a l+in initi " .g.# I want to go home. or she needs to have some rest.-% ter wh%words " who, what, when, where, why, which, whose and how"

I don+t know how to cook couscous. ell me where to ind the lycee.0% o e(press purpose why you do something " n ran1ais pour le but2

.g.# I went to 3hemisset to see my amily. I am phoning to apologi4e.5% ter " It+s 'adjective' in initive"

It+s hard to solve this pu44le. this bag is heavy to li t.6% ter the superlative we use in initives.

.g.# 7e is the best man to do this job!% a ter some e(pressions# used to, . II- Gerund= Verb+ing $% ter some verbs o a% likes# like, love, pre er, enjoy, appreciate, adore....'verbing#

I enjoy helping people.b% dislikes# dislike, hate, detest, abhor, loathe...'verbing#8he hates waiting or a long time.-% ter prepositions# in, on, at, about, o , or, upon ....' verbing#

I am thinking about travelling tomorrow.0% ter some e(pressions like# look orward to, keen on, can+t help, can+t stand, bear,

get/be used to, here+s no, worth, what about, there+s no point9 it+s no use, spendmoney/ time, to be busy...'verbing .g.# I look orward to receiving your e%mail. III- Bare infinitive = Verb: play, saya% ter some verbs# 7elp, let, recommend...' verb without " to" or "ing":;an you help me do this e(ercise6 ,RB1 0 22 &,' BY TH, 3,R4 '1"ggest ad(it re(e(ber*.,5a(p#es.$2I will come on time.2 7e promised to come on time.-2Aould you come to my party.2 7e invited me to come to his party.02Cets go out.2 7e suggested going out.5%7e said, J hank you:2 7e thanked me.

7e said, JEood luck:2 7e wished me luck. 7e said, J7appy ;hristmas: 7e wished me a happy ;hristmas. 7e said, J;ongratulations:2 7e congratulated me. 7e said, JCiar:2 7e called me a liar 7e said, J=amn:2 7e swore.

1ast 1erfe#t SimpleormA ,a +past participle.

2se t(e past perfe#t to #ontrast t(e timing of t%o events: earlier and later past$ verbsA already ,by t(e time+ simple past ,ever, never, before, after,%(en, as soon as, on#e, till, until3

=ecide which is the action that happened irst and which one happened second 1ut t(e 6st a%tion in past perfe%t and 7nd in si(p#e past $% he man died at $KhKK. hen the ambulance arrived at $Kh0K.

Ahen the ambulance arrived ,the man had already died.-% I#losed the door. I %ent to sleep.

I (ad #losed the door be ore I %ent to sleep/ I %ent to sleep a ter I (ad#losed the door.0% I Heat LLLLthe sandwich which I Hprepare LLLLLLPast Perfe%t %ontin"o"s.

@orm # 7ad been'verbing.Ae use it with these adverbs # for since the whole ay all ay

a6 to insist on the uration or process of an action of the 1st actionA*hen Safaa came to e0nes she ha been livin in 3asa for B years.

b6 to e@plain a past effect or result. *hyD lessons an I revise E lessons a ay. So in F ays time I wi##have finishedall my >9 lessons.

I4ll (ave been here for si@ months on Gune 2>r5ou %ill (ave finis(ed your wor0 by this time ne@t wee0.Dn 11 $u ust this year wewi## have been marrie for five years.,ow lon wi## shehave worked here by the en of this year 2@ ? 4 ! 2 $ < =%" 9 GET O( E(TER A LARGEB 'LOSED CE*I'LE

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Phrasal verbs

Exercise1

Choose the suitable phrasal verbs from the list to replace the words in italics. Makeany necessary changes .

put on / put off / wake up / hand out / make up / look up / pick up / turn off /take off / write down

1. The baby got up because of the ringing of the telephone.o The baby woke up because of the ringing of the telephone . Key

2. The teachers distributed the pri es among the best students .Key >. !lease" would you lift these old newspapers from the floor# Key ?. $ou should remove your shoes in the mos%ue. Key

E

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http://alert%28%27woke%20up%20%27%29/http://alert%28%27handed%20out%27%29/http://alert%28%27handed%20out%27%29/http://alert%28%27handed%20out%27%29/http://alert%28%27pick%20up%27%29/http://alert%28%27take%20off%27%29/http://alert%28%27woke%20up%20%27%29/http://alert%28%27handed%20out%27%29/http://alert%28%27pick%20up%27%29/http://alert%28%27take%20off%27%29/

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E. The police inspector took down the witnesses& names and addresses in hisnotebook. Key

F. The little boy only invented the complete story. KeyL. They decided to delay their wedding party because of the death of the bride&s

grandfather. KeyM. 'he forgot to switchoff the radio. KeyB. !lease" search for this word in the dictionary( Key

Exercise 2Match the phrasal verbs and the meanings .

1. to give out Key2. to turn out Key>. to fade away Key

?. to sit down Key

E. to give up Key F. to speak out KeyL. to rise up Key

A. to take a seat B. to speak boldly" freely and plainly C. to distribute D. to revolt E. to produce . to deliver or allow to pass to someone else !. to isappear or ie ra ually

Exercise ")ill in each blank with the right phrasal verb from the list making the necessarychanges .

set up take after turn down look forward to look up let down1. *+e are really ,,,,,,,,,, seeing you again.- Key2. &ll have to ,,,,,,,,,, your plan because it is not convincing. Key>. The company should ,,,,,,,,,, some new branches all over the country. Key ?. don&t know this word. Can you ,,,,,,,,,, it ,,,,,, in your dictionary#

KeyE. /on&t worry( 0e will not ,,,,,,,,,, you ,,,,,, because he is very reliable

person. KeyF. 'ue really ,,,,,,,,,, her mother she has the same eyes" nose and hair. Key

Exercise #

Match the phrasal verbs and the definitions.

1. to get on with somebody. Key2. to look after someone2something Key>. to pick up something Key?. to set off KeyE. to find out KeyF. to turn down KeyL. to tell off KeyM. to fall for KeyB. to come across someone2something Key

3. to leave on a 4ourney5. to refuse an offer or the person who makes itC. to speak to someone angrily because he2she has done something wrong/. to meet or find someone2something by chanceE. to have a friendly relationship with someone). to fall in love with someone6. to learn something without formal lessons0. to get some information by asking or studying

. to be responsible for or take care of someone2somethingExercise $

)ill in each blank with the right phrasal verb from the list making the necessarychanges .

turn down look after %et on with pick up come across1. * want to go back to work if can find somebody to ,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,, my

little daughter"- 'usan told her neighbour. Key2. 7ames&s son" 7oe" ,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,, a lot of talian by playing with the

local children. Key>. Kate ,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,, well ,,,,,, her colleagues at work. Key ?. 7ean asked 8on to marry her but he ,,,,,,,,,, her ,,,,,,. Key 9. ,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,, this old 'wiss clock at a thrift shop downtown.

&odalso alsA :@pressin e rees of certainty

NO QR #TUVUWUR TXYZ [\ ]U^_Q`R N\ dR _ g

-e ree of certainty refers to how sure we are6what we thin0 the chances are6somethin is true. If we are sure that somethin is true in the present we o nonee to use a mo al. or e@ample if I say artha is sic0 I am sure I ama fact that I am sure. y e ree of certainty here is 199 . If I am as0e *hy isn

artha in class< an I am not sure of the reason I can respon in the followinF

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http://alert%28%27wrote%20down%27%29/http://alert%28%27made%20up%27%29/http://alert%28%27made%20up%27%29/http://alert%28%27put%20off%27%29/http://alert%28%27put%20off%27%29/http://alert%28%27turn%20off%27%29/http://alert%28%27look%20up%27%29/http://alert%28%27look%20up%27%29/http://alert%28%27c%27%29/http://alert%28%27e%27%29/http://alert%28%27e%27%29/http://alert%28%27g%27%29/http://alert%28%27g%27%29/http://alert%28%27a%27%29/http://alert%28%27f%27%29/http://alert%28%27b%27%29/http://alert%28%27d%27%29/http://alert%28%27d%27%29/http://alert%28%27looking%20forward%20to%27%29/http://alert%28%27turn%20down%27%29/http://alert%28%27set%20up%27%29/http://alert%28%27look%20up%20%27%29/http://alert%28%27let%20down%27%29/http://alert%28%27takes%20after%27%29/http://alert%28%27e%27%29/http://alert%28%27i%27%29/http://alert%28%27g%27%29/http://alert%28%27g%27%29/http://alert%28%27a%27%29/http://alert%28%27a%27%29/http://alert%28%27h%27%29/http://alert%28%27b%27%29/http://alert%28%27c%27%29/http://alert%28%27f%27%29/http://alert%28%27d%27%29/http://alert%28%27d%27%29/http://alert%28%27look%20after%27%29/http://alert%28%27look%20after%27%29/http://alert%28%27picked%20up%27%29/http://alert%28%27picked%20up%27%29/http://alert%28%27gets%20on%20well%27%29/http://alert%28%27gets%20on%20well%27%29/http://alert%28%27turned%20down%27%29/http://alert%28%27wrote%20down%27%29/http://alert%28%27made%20up%27%29/http://alert%28%27put%20off%27%29/http://alert%28%27turn%20off%27%29/http://alert%28%27look%20up%27%29/http://alert%28%27c%27%29/http://alert%28%27e%27%29/http://alert%28%27g%27%29/http://alert%28%27a%27%29/http://alert%28%27f%27%29/http://alert%28%27b%27%29/http://alert%28%27d%27%29/http://alert%28%27looking%20forward%20to%27%29/http://alert%28%27turn%20down%27%29/http://alert%28%27set%20up%27%29/http://alert%28%27look%20up%20%27%29/http://alert%28%27let%20down%27%29/http://alert%28%27takes%20after%27%29/http://alert%28%27e%27%29/http://alert%28%27i%27%29/http://alert%28%27g%27%29/http://alert%28%27a%27%29/http://alert%28%27h%27%29/http://alert%28%27b%27%29/http://alert%28%27c%27%29/http://alert%28%27f%27%29/http://alert%28%27d%27%29/http://alert%28%27look%20after%27%29/http://alert%28%27picked%20up%27%29/http://alert%28%27gets%20on%20well%27%29/http://alert%28%27turned%20down%27%29/

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waysAdU . N\ _ Y ^\ N\ qd_Q q_ TUVUWUR NO QR TXYZ N [\ ]U^_Q`RRx `\ T`z `{

1She must be sic0.,ere I am BE sure that she is (not 199 )

T^ V| NO QR NU}~BE TdR ust

2She may be sic0.,ere I am E9 sure that she is T^ V| NO QR NU}~E9 TdR ay

>She mi ht be sic0.,ere I am less than E9 sure that she is

[ q T^ V| NO QR NU}~E9 TdR i ht

?She coul be sic0.,ere I am statin a mere uess. 4his is a very wea0 e ree of certainty T}U_ NO QR TXYZ ]Q N W 3oul

4he e ative}VR `

ormin such sentences in the ne ative can be confusin . 5ea these sentences

aria is not hun ry.I am 199 sure that she is not hun ry. TdR T NO Q zdR dO erb to be qd_Q NV\

I onkt 0now why aria is not eatin with us. She maynot (or mi ht not) be hun ry.

I am E9 or less certain that she is not hun ry.ay not# mi ht not T^ V| NO QR NU}~E9 TdR |

aria cannot be hun ry. She has just ha iner.,ere I believe that there is no possibility that aria is hun ry but I am not 199sure. TU N_ [\ ]^\ 3an not V

aria is not eatin . She must not be hun ry.,ere I am e@pressin a lo ical conclusion a best uess.

W_ W V QVQ [\ ]^\ ust not V

TUR QR U R d_Q { dR NO QR [ TXYZ [\ ]U^_QRo al verb + have + past participle

:@amplesaria i n/t atten the meetin . She must have been sic0

Y d`R T`dR ]U NV\ the presentaria oesn/t atten the meetin . She must be sic0

VdR N\ dR q_}R W qd_Q V 3oul in the past3oul

3oul is use to e@press ability in the past. ,ere it isdR | UWR `\ YNWR [\ ]U^_QR 3oul qd_Q ~

or e@ampleA y irlfrien coul lift the es0 but I coul not.666 4his means that my irlfrien was able to lift the es0 but I was unable to

I coul play football when I was a 0i .

:@erciseShe wasn't very rich. She gave money to the beggar. ( although(

2.He left early. He wanted to arrive on time. ( so that(

4. I don't earn a big salary. But if I did, I wouldn't buy a car.( even if )

Sue li es !"era. #oe "refers $a%%. (&hey have different tastes.)( whereas

He had the 'flu. He went to wor . ( in spite of

L

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16 a0in an 5espon in to 5euests Sample phrases (from formal to informal) $A 3oul I trouble#bother you to len me 299 -,s

!A (ne ative) Itks impossible for me because Ikve only ot 1E9 -,s. $A 3oul you please ta0e me to the airport tomorrow mornin 9.

$A *ill you help me fi@ this error please

$A *oul you min lettin me borrow your boo0

$A Ik li0e you to buy some boo0s for me on the way home if youhave time.!A (positive) o problem.!A (ne ative) I cankt o that because I wonkt be bac0 until 2>A99.

Re="ests and ffers (in a nutshell) 5euestin Dfferin -o you thin0 you coul < 3an I help you< *oul you min ...in me< *oul you li0e me to ...< 3an you help me here< -o you nee a han < 3oul you help me please< 3an I et you somethin