anggota filum chordata (lanjutan) · · 2015-04-062015-04-06 · what do you notice that is odd?...
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ANCESTRALDEUTEROSTOME
Notochord
Commonancestor ofchordates
Head
Vertebral column
Jaws, mineralized skeleton
Lungs or lung derivatives
Lobed fins
Limbs with digits
Amniotic egg
Milk
Echinodermata
Cephalochordata
Urochordata
Myxini
Petromyzontida
Chondrichthyes
Actinopterygii
Actinistia
Dipnoi
Amphibia
Reptilia
Mammalia
Ch
ord
ates
Cran
iates
Ve
rteb
rates
Gn
atho
stom
es
Oste
ichth
yans
Lob
e-fin
s
Tetrapo
ds
Am
nio
tes
FILOGENI KORDATA YANG MASIH ADA
What do you notice that is odd?
Concept 34.6: Amniotes are tetrapodsthat have a terrestrially adapted egg
• Amniotes are a group of tetrapods whose living members are the reptiles, including birds, and mammals
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
ANCESTRALAMNIOTE
Parareptiles
Turtles
Crocodilians
Pterosaurs
Ornithischiandinosaurs
Saurischian dinosaursother than birds
Birds
Plesiosaurs
Ichthyosaurs
Tuataras
Squamates
Mammals
Re
ptile
sSyn
apsid
s
Diap
sids
Arch
osau
rs
Lep
ido
saurs
Din
osau
rs
Saurisch
ians
Figure 34.25
Figure 34.26
Extraembryonic membranes
Shell
Amniotic cavitywith amnioticfluid
Embryo
AmnionAllantois Chorion
Yolk sac
Yolk(nutrients)
Albumen
ANCESTRALDEUTEROSTOME
Notochord
Commonancestor ofchordates
Head
Vertebral column
Jaws, mineralized skeleton
Lungs or lung derivatives
Lobed fins
Limbs with digits
Amniotic egg
Milk
Echinodermata
Cephalochordata
Urochordata
Myxini
Petromyzontida
Chondrichthyes
Actinopterygii
Actinistia
Dipnoi
Amphibia
Reptilia
Mammalia
Ch
ord
ates
Cran
iates
Ve
rteb
rates
Gn
atho
stom
es
Oste
ichth
yans
Lob
e-fin
s
Tetrapo
ds
Am
nio
tes
FILOGENI KORDATA YANG MASIH ADA
What do you notice that is odd?
Reptiles• The reptile clade includes
the tuataras, lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodilians, birds, and some extinct groups
• Reptiles have scales that create a waterproof barrier
• Most reptiles lay shelled eggs on land
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
10
Phylogenetic Tree of Reptiles
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
orbit
lateraltemporalopening
Synapsid skull
pelycosaurs(extinct)
ancestralamniote(extinct)
dorsaltemporalopening
lateraltemporalopening
orbit
Diapsid skull
CARBONIFEROUS PERMIAN
PALEOZOIC ERA
TRIASSIC JURASSIC
MESOZOIC ERA
CRETACEOUSCENOZOIC ERA(to the present)
thecodonts(extinct) dinosaurs
(extinct)
orbit
therapsids(extinct)
Anapsid skull
mammals
turtles
snakes
lizards
tuataras
crocodilians
birds
Re
pti
les
Arc
ho
sau
rs
common ancestor
11
Anatomy and Physiology of Reptiles
• Reptiles have a thick, scaly skin that is keratinized and impermeable to water
– Usually tetrapods
– Lungs with expandable rib cage
– Shelled amniotic egg
– Dry, scaly skin
– Ectothermic
12
Reptilian Anatomy
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
nostril
tongue
esophagus
trachea
lung
thick, scaly skin
liver
vertebra
spinal cord
gonad
kidney
anuscolon cloacaintestine
stomach
heartclaw
scales
a.
b.
b: © OS21/PhotoDisc
13
Reptilian Diversity
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
jaws
shell
shell (carapace)
clawed foot
flipper
beak
egg shell
yolk sac
albumin
amnion
embryo
chorion
allantois
Venom gland
fang
rattle
C. Diamondback rattlesnake, crotalus atroxb. Glla monster, Heloderma suspectuma. Green sea turtle, chelonia mydas
third eye (not visible)
tail
d. Tuatara, sphenodon punctatus e .American crocodile, crocodylus acutus a: © H. Hall/OSF/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; b: © Joe McDonald/Visuals Unlimited; c: © Joel Sartorie/National Geographic/Getty Images;
d: © Nathan W. Cohen/Visuals Unlimited; e: © Martin Harvey; Gallo Images/Corbis
air space
Scaly skin
(a) Tuatara(Sphenodonpunctatus)
Australianthorny devillizard (Molochhorridus)
(b)
(d) Eastern box turtle(Terrapene carolinacarolina)
(c) Wagler’s pit viper(Tropidolaemus wagleri)
(e) American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)
Figure 34.29
15
Science Focus
• Pharmaceutical products come from some vertebrates
– Even poisons and toxins can be used as medicines
• The Thailand cobra venom is source of the drug Immunokine,
– Used for multiple sclerosis patients.
• The southern copperhead snake and the fer-de-lance pit viper provide a chemical for the synthesis of anticoagulants, painkillers, antibiotics, and anticancer drugs.
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ANCESTRALDEUTEROSTOME
Notochord
Commonancestor ofchordates
Head
Vertebral column
Jaws, mineralized skeleton
Lungs or lung derivatives
Lobed fins
Limbs with digits
Amniotic egg
Milk
Echinodermata
Cephalochordata
Urochordata
Myxini
Petromyzontida
Chondrichthyes
Actinopterygii
Actinistia
Dipnoi
Amphibia
Reptilia
Mammalia
Ch
ord
ates
Cran
iates
Ve
rteb
rates
Gn
atho
stom
es
Oste
ichth
yans
Lob
e-fin
s
Tetrapo
ds
Am
nio
tes
REVIEW
What do you notice that is odd?
ANCESTRALAMNIOTE
Parareptiles
Turtles
Crocodilians
Pterosaurs
Ornithischiandinosaurs
Saurischian dinosaursother than birds
Birds
Plesiosaurs
Ichthyosaurs
Tuataras
Squamates
Mammals
Re
ptile
sSyn
apsid
s
Diap
sids
Arch
osau
rs
Lep
ido
saurs
Din
osau
rs
Saurisch
ians
Figure 34.25
Birds
• Birds are archosaurs, but almost every feature of their reptilian anatomy has undergone modification in their adaptation to flight
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
• Many characters of birds are adaptations that facilitate flight
• The major adaptation is wings with keratin feathers
• Other adaptations include lack of a urinary bladder, females with only one ovary, small gonads, and loss of teeth
Derived Characters of Birds
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 34.30
(a) Wing
Vane
Shaft
ForearmWrist
Shaft
Barb
Barbule
Hook
(c) Feather structure
(b) Bone structure
Finger 1
Finger 2
Finger 3
Palm
24
Bird Anatomy and Flight
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
b. Bald eagle, Haliaetus
upstroke
downstroke
skeleton
hindlimb
forelimb
a. Bird and feather anatomy
nostrilear opening
lungesophagus
trachea
heartcrop
liversternum
pancreas
cloaca
vas deferensposterior air sac
rectum
ureter
gizzardkidney
testis
Feather anatomybarb
barbule
shaft
sternumwith keel
b(Both): © Daniel J. Cox
Airfoil wingwith contourfeathers
Long tail withmany vertebrae
Toothed beak Wing clawFigure 34.31
• The demands of flight have rendered the general body form of many flying birds similar to one another
30
Bird Beaks
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
a. Bald eagle, Haliaetus leucocephalus b. Pileated woodpecker, Dryocopus pileatus
c. Flamingo, Phoenicopterus ruber d. Blue-and-yellow macaw, Ara ararauna e. Cardinal, Cardinalis cardinalisa: © Thomas Kitchin/Tom Stack & Associates; b: © Joel McDonald/Corbis; c: © Brian Parker/Tom Stack & Associates; d: © IT Stock/PunchStock; e: © Kirtley Perkins/Visuals Unlimited
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