1 filum coelenterata (cnidaria). classification formerly 2 phylum names 1.coelenterata – hollow...
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FILUM COELENTERATA
(CNIDARIA)
ClassificationClassification formerly formerly
2 phylum names2 phylum names
1.1. Coelenterata – hollow gutCoelenterata – hollow gut
2.2. Cnidaria – nettleCnidaria – nettle
Basic characteristicBasic characteristic
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Polyp Tubelike, usually sessile and has a cylindrical body with a mouth and tentacles at the upper free end. Other end (aboral) usually attached to a rock or other surface. Thin Mesoglea layer. Corals and Hydras are examples
Medusa; bell-shaped body/umbrella, floating, tentacles and mouth facing down, have thick mesoglea ex. jellyfish
2 body types
Diploblastic- two germ layersDiploblastic- two germ layersDiploblastic- two germ layersDiploblastic- two germ layersPhylum CnidariaPhylum CnidariaPhylum CnidariaPhylum Cnidaria
Mesoglea not true layer
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Filum Cnidaria: ubur-ubur, terumbu karang, hydroids, anemone laut
ubur-ubur
terumbu karang
hydroids
anemone laut
SymmetrySymmetry Radial symmetryRadial symmetry
Nervous SystemNervous System
Nerve NetNerve Net- Cnidarians do not have a brain but - Cnidarians do not have a brain but they have simple sensory receptors that they have simple sensory receptors that detect & respond to stimuli detect & respond to stimuli evenly spaced evenly spaced
Nerve net with stinging capsules called Nerve net with stinging capsules called nematocystsnematocysts
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TERDIRI LIMA MACAM SELTERDIRI LIMA MACAM SEL SEL EPITELSEL EPITEL OTOTOTOT((epithelioepithelio--
musclemuscle cellscells)) SEL INTERSTISIAL(SEL INTERSTISIAL(intertitialintertitial
cellscells)) SEL CNIDOCYTESEL CNIDOCYTE SEL KELENJARSEL KELENJAR LENDIRLENDIR
((mucusmucus - -secreting cellssecreting cells)) SEL SYARAFSEL SYARAF INDERINDERA (A (sensorysensory
nerve cellsnerve cells))
SEL EPITEL OTOTSEL EPITEL OTOT BERUKURAN BESAR BERUKURAN BESAR MERUPAKAN PELINDUNG MERUPAKAN PELINDUNG TUBUHTUBUH
SEL INTERTISIALSEL INTERTISIAL BERUKURAN BERUKURAN KECIL,AGAK BULAT, NUKLEUS KECIL,AGAK BULAT, NUKLEUS BESAR,TDP SEL SPERMA,SEL BESAR,TDP SEL SPERMA,SEL TELURTELUR, , CNIDOCYTECNIDOCYTE
DIDALAM CNIDOCYTEDIDALAM CNIDOCYTE TDP TDP NEMATOCYTE BENTUKNYA NEMATOCYTE BENTUKNYA SPT KAPSUL,BULAT, SPT KAPSUL,BULAT, LONJONG. DIDLMNYA TDP LONJONG. DIDLMNYA TDP BENANG/PIPA/BERDURI,YG BENANG/PIPA/BERDURI,YG DITEMBAKKAN KE LUARDITEMBAKKAN KE LUAR
NEMATOCYTENEMATOCYTE TDP DI TDP DI TENTAKEL DAN UJUNG ORALTENTAKEL DAN UJUNG ORAL
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SEL KELENJAR LENDIR MENGHASILKAN LENDIR YANG DIGUNAKAN SEBAGAI PELINDUNG UNTUK MENANGKAP MANGSA DAN MELEKAT PADA SUBSTRAT
SEL SYARAF BENTUK MIRIP MULTIPOLAR NEURON,TERLETAK PADA DASAR SEL EPITEL OTOT DEKAT DAN SEJAJAR MESOGLEA.
SEL INDRA PANJANG, LANGSING, TEGAK LURUS EPIDERMIS. Pangkal sel indera berhub dgn sel syaraf tersusun seperti jala pd epidermis dekat mesoglea.
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Lapisan epidermis terdiri atas: Sel Epitel Otot, Sel Interstisial,Sel Cnidocyte, Sel Kelenjar Lendir, Sel Saraf Indera.
Mesoglea
Pseudopodia
Nutritive muscle cell
Enzymatic gland cell
Interstitial cell
Cnidocil
Cnidocyte
Sensory cell
Epithelio-muscle cell nucleus
Nerve cell
Capturing PreyCapturing PreyLET’S EAT!!!LET’S EAT!!!
cnidarians are cnidarians are carnivorescarnivores (eat meat) that use (eat meat) that use tentacles arranged in a ring around their tentacles arranged in a ring around their mouth to capture preymouth to capture prey
when a “trigger” is stimulated on a stinging cell when a “trigger” is stimulated on a stinging cell called the called the cnidocytecnidocyte, a harpoon, a harpoon/spear/spear calledcalled nematocyst nematocyst shoots out & injects poison into shoots out & injects poison into the preythe prey
Capturing Prey: Cnidocyte and Capturing Prey: Cnidocyte and Nematocyst at work: WE DO Nematocyst at work: WE DO
WORK!!! WORK!!!
Cnidocyte (stinging cell)
Nematocyst (harpoon)
TYPE NEMATOCYTETYPE NEMATOCYTE
PENGGULUNGPENGGULUNG (VOLVENT): berukuran kecil (VOLVENT): berukuran kecil berfungsi untuk menggulung mangsaberfungsi untuk menggulung mangsa
PENUSUK (PENETRANTPENUSUK (PENETRANT) : berukuran besar ) : berukuran besar mengandung 3 duri besar dan 3 deret duri kecil mengandung 3 duri besar dan 3 deret duri kecil berfungsi menyuntikkan racun ke dlm tubuh berfungsi menyuntikkan racun ke dlm tubuh mangsamangsa
TIPE PEREKATTIPE PEREKAT (GLUTINANT): pipa halus yg (GLUTINANT): pipa halus yg ujungnya terbuka dan menghasilkan perekat.ujungnya terbuka dan menghasilkan perekat.
RACUN YG DIKELUARKAN HYDRARACUN YG DIKELUARKAN HYDRA TDK TDK MEMBAHAYAKAN, NAMUN ADA SENGATAN MEMBAHAYAKAN, NAMUN ADA SENGATAN UBUR-UBUR Physalia dan cchironex sengatannya UBUR-UBUR Physalia dan cchironex sengatannya sangat menyakitkan, panas bahkan dapat sangat menyakitkan, panas bahkan dapat mematikan.mematikan.
NEMATOCYTENEMATOCYTE hanya dipakai sekali, kemudian hanya dipakai sekali, kemudian dibuang.dibuang.
UNTUK MENGGANTINYA sel intertisial membuat UNTUK MENGGANTINYA sel intertisial membuat cnidocyte baru. Pada waktu memakan kehilangan cnidocyte baru. Pada waktu memakan kehilangan 25% nematocyte.25% nematocyte.
Penggantian kehilangan nematocytePenggantian kehilangan nematocyte tersebut tersebut memerlukan waktu 48 jam.memerlukan waktu 48 jam.
Gastrodermis terdiri atas beberapa macam sel:
1. Sel Otot Pencerna yang Berflagela
2. Sel Kelenjar Enzim
3. Sel Kelenjar LendirKecuali Hydra, kebanyakan Coelenterata
mempunyainematocyst di dalam lapisan gastrodermis.Pada beberapa jenis Hydra sp., di dalam
gastrodermisterdapat zoochlorella yang hidup bersimbiosis.
DigestionDigestion Sac w/ a digestive cavity (Sac w/ a digestive cavity (gastrovascular gastrovascular
cavitycavity) w/ a single opening that acts as a ) w/ a single opening that acts as a mouth/anusmouth/anus
Jellyfish Hydra
Digestion (cont.)Digestion (cont.)
food is pushed into the gastrovascular cavity food is pushed into the gastrovascular cavity where digestion begins (extracellular where digestion begins (extracellular digestion)digestion)
undigested remains leave through the undigested remains leave through the mouth/anus mouth/anus
RespirationRespiration
DiffusionDiffusion- oxygen from water moves into - oxygen from water moves into sponge cells (high to low) sponge cells (high to low)
ExcretionExcretion mouth/anus- release waste mouth/anus- release waste
ReproductionReproduction
AsexualAsexual – – buddingbudding- formation of outgrowths - formation of outgrowths that pinch off from parent to live independentlythat pinch off from parent to live independently
Sexual- Sexual- forms a zygote and free swimming forms a zygote and free swimming planula that settles on ocean floorplanula that settles on ocean floor
*MOST ALTERNATE B/W POLYP & *MOST ALTERNATE B/W POLYP & MEDUSA LIFE FORM MEDUSA LIFE FORM
Reproduction (cont.)Reproduction (cont.)
Phylogeny of CnidariaPhylogeny of Cnidaria
Cladogram based on molecular systematic data
Class HydrozoaClass Hydrozoa
Most varied and derived of the cnidarian Most varied and derived of the cnidarian groupsgroups
Includes freshwater species (Includes freshwater species (hydra spphydra spp)) Colonial species commonColonial species common Most have typical dimorphic life cycleMost have typical dimorphic life cycle Examples of polyp-only forms (hydra)Examples of polyp-only forms (hydra) Examples of medusa-only formsExamples of medusa-only forms
((GonionemusGonionemus))
Atypical HydrozoansAtypical Hydrozoans
HydraHydra– Lacks medusa stageLacks medusa stage– Asexual - buddingAsexual - budding– Sexual - gametesSexual - gametes
Atypical HydrozoansAtypical Hydrozoans GonionemusGonionemus – reduced polyp form – reduced polyp form
Colonial HydrozoansColonial Hydrozoans Colony of specialized hydranthsColony of specialized hydranths
– Gonangia (gonozooids) – reproductionGonangia (gonozooids) – reproduction– Gastrozooids – feedingGastrozooids – feeding– Dactyolozooids – catching prey Dactyolozooids – catching prey
hydranths
Colonial HydrozoansColonial Hydrozoans
Colonial HydrozoansColonial Hydrozoans Portuguese Man-O-War (Portuguese Man-O-War (Physalia physalisPhysalia physalis)) Polyp – air bagPolyp – air bag Feeding & reproductive hydranths - tentaclesFeeding & reproductive hydranths - tentacles
Colonial Colonial HydrozoansHydrozoans
Fire CoralsFire Corals– NOT TRUE CORALNOT TRUE CORAL
• Hydrozoan colonyHydrozoan colony– TRUE CORALTRUE CORAL
• Anthozoan colonyAnthozoan colony– Cnidocytes cause severe Cnidocytes cause severe
painpain
Dimorphic Life Cycle Dimorphic Life Cycle and Reproductive and Reproductive
ModesModes
AsexualAsexual– BuddingBudding
• Medusa budsMedusa buds• Polyp budsPolyp buds
SexualSexual– Gonadal tissueGonadal tissue– GametesGametes– Fertilization, Fertilization,
embryogenesisembryogenesis– Planula larvaePlanula larvae
Obelia ReproductionObelia Reproduction
Class ScyphozoaClass Scyphozoa
Typically thought of as jellyfishTypically thought of as jellyfish & & active active predatorspredators
Range from thimble size to queen-size Range from thimble size to queen-size mattressesmattresses
Most have typical dimorphic life cycleMost have typical dimorphic life cycle– Polyp stage is atypicalPolyp stage is atypical– Majority of life cycle spent in medusa formMajority of life cycle spent in medusa form
Mostly medusas which reproduce sexuallyMostly medusas which reproduce sexually Polyp stages early in lifePolyp stages early in life
Scyphozoan Life CycleScyphozoan Life Cycle
Aurelia aurita Aurelia aurita (Moon jelly)(Moon jelly)
Class ScyphozoaClass Scyphozoa Sea thimble jellyfish Sea thimble jellyfish
((Linuche unguiculataLinuche unguiculata), ), HondurasHonduras
Tiny jellyfish (< 1 inch) Tiny jellyfish (< 1 inch) that swarm in the springthat swarm in the spring
Adults and larvae (“sea Adults and larvae (“sea lice”) may cause a lice”) may cause a severe skin reaction in severe skin reaction in humanshumans
Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson
Class ScyphozoaClass Scyphozoa Upside down jellyfish Upside down jellyfish ((Cassiopea Cassiopea xamachanaxamachana) from ) from Bermuda, with Bermuda, with zooxanthellaezooxanthellae
This specimen is This specimen is swimming up to the swimming up to the surface, where its surface, where its reflection is visiblereflection is visible
Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson
CNIDARIACNIDARIA Class Scyphozoa Class Scyphozoa
Jellyfish (Jellyfish (MastigiasMastigias sp., sp., family Rhizostomeae) family Rhizostomeae) from Jellyfish Lake in from Jellyfish Lake in Palau, western Pacific Palau, western Pacific
Have lost their ability to Have lost their ability to sting and depend on sting and depend on zooxanthellae for zooxanthellae for nutritionnutrition
Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson
CNIDARIACNIDARIAClass ScyphozoaClass Scyphozoa
Lion’s Mane Jelly Lion’s Mane Jelly ((Cyanea capillataCyanea capillata))
Bell – 6 ftBell – 6 ft Tentacles – 120 ftTentacles – 120 fthttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HqfCm58SB6Y
Class CubozoaClass Cubozoa
Phylum CnidariaPhylum CnidariaClass CubozoaClass Cubozoa
Carybdeid, Carybdeid, Darwin, AustraliaDarwin, Australia
Carybdea sivickisiCarybdea sivickisi South pacificSouth pacific
Phylum CnidariaPhylum CnidariaClass CubozoaClass Cubozoa
Chironex fleckeriChironex fleckeri
Size of human head with Size of human head with tentacles (4) up to 9 ft tentacles (4) up to 9 ft longlong
18-24 ft of tentacles can 18-24 ft of tentacles can deliver enough poison to deliver enough poison to kill in <5 min.kill in <5 min.
Class AnthozoaClass Anthozoa
Anemones & CoralsAnemones & Corals Lack medusa formLack medusa form Form colonies (especially coral)Form colonies (especially coral)
Class AnthozoaClass Anthozoa
Largest class existing only Largest class existing only as polypsas polyps
Includes anemones, coral, Includes anemones, coral, sea pansies, sea fans, sea pansies, sea fans, and sea whipsand sea whips
Nearly all contain Nearly all contain symbiotic algae, symbiotic algae, dinoflagellates, in dinoflagellates, in exchange for foodexchange for food
Many of the brilliant colors Many of the brilliant colors come from the algaecome from the algae
Some reproduce Some reproduce asexually by buddingasexually by budding
Others sexual with Others sexual with sperm and egg being sperm and egg being released into the ocean released into the ocean where fertilization where fertilization occursoccurs
Zygotes develop into Zygotes develop into planulae that settle and planulae that settle and develop into polypsdevelop into polyps
Class Anthozoa – Typical Polyp Class Anthozoa – Typical Polyp FormForm
CNIDARIA CNIDARIA Class Anthozoa Class Anthozoa
giant anemone or giant anemone or purple-tipped anemone purple-tipped anemone ((Condylactis giganteaCondylactis gigantea) ) often harbors cleaning often harbors cleaning shrimp among its shrimp among its tentaclestentacles
Common in Bermuda Common in Bermuda and the Caribbeanand the Caribbean
Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson
Anemone with Anemone FishAnemone with Anemone Fish
Class Anthozoa – Hard CoralClass Anthozoa – Hard Coral Hexacorallia – Hexacorallia –
6-fold symmetry6-fold symmetry Precipitate CaPrecipitate Ca33(CO(CO33))2 2
from sea water to from sea water to produce skeletal produce skeletal structures that structures that become coral reefsbecome coral reefs
Contain zooxanthellaContain zooxanthella
Class Anthozoa – soft coralsClass Anthozoa – soft corals
Octocorallia – Octocorallia – 8-fold symmetry8-fold symmetry
Form complex Form complex tube-like skeletal tube-like skeletal structuresstructures
Lack zooxanthellaLack zooxanthella
ReefsReefs
Shallow tropical watersShallow tropical waters Hermatypic corals (Class Anthozoa, subclass Hermatypic corals (Class Anthozoa, subclass
hexacorallia, order scleractinia)hexacorallia, order scleractinia) Contain symbiotic dinoflagellates Contain symbiotic dinoflagellates Precipitate CaCOPrecipitate CaCO3 3 to form “exoskeleton”to form “exoskeleton”
ZooZooxxanthellaanthella
Green algaeGreen algae
AtollAtoll
Phylum CtenophoraPhylum Ctenophora
Comb-jelliesComb-jellies– Rows of cells with fused Rows of cells with fused
cilia – comb-platescilia – comb-plates <100 species<100 species Lack cnidocytesLack cnidocytes Complete digestive tractComplete digestive tract
Ctenophore MorphologyCtenophore Morphology
Ctenophore MorphologyCtenophore Morphology
Ctenophore Body Ctenophore Body FormsForms
Biradial symmetryBiradial symmetry– Two tentacle clustersTwo tentacle clusters– Even # comb rows\Even # comb rows\
Some are bilateralSome are bilateral
terimakasihterimakasih
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