Android or Linux for Embedded Systems, Some Thoughts

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While now hard to remember, there was a time when the term “embedded Linux” was

viewed with suspicion. The outcrop of small, low-power, Linux-based devices - and readily

available open source software - has since transformed the industry; nowadays it’s not

“why would you run Linux here” but rather - “why wouldn’t you”?

With embedded systems boosting more performance and graphics capabilities than ever before, and with GUI-

enabled touchscreen devices taking hold in a wide range of applications, from small control panels to huge

infotainment screens, Android - once viewed as a purely consumer OS - is becoming an interesting alternative.

In this post, Antmicro, Toradex’s long-time partner and provider of software & product development

services for mutual customers, as well as the maintainer of Android images for Toradex modules,

explains the differences and commonalities between those two operating systems.

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Over the years, we have developed numerous software solutions and complete devices, both industrial and consumer,

running Linux and Android, and we believe there is no silver bullet - what OS is better for your use case depends on

the use case itself and your devices’ planned life-cycle.

TAQ (Toradex, Antmicro, Qt) self-balancing robot: heterogeneous architecture w/ Linux by Antmicro on Toradex Colibri i.MX7 SoM

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Linux is a great choice for the majority of embedded use cases. Linux build systems such as Buildroot

and OpenEmbedded can be used to create customized BSPs tailored to almost any size and a wide array

of application software and SDKs is available, from gstreamer through Python to even node.js. An

OpenEmbedded/Yocto-based Linux is the default distribution supported by Toradex, and a vast

development community supports a multitude of programming language environments and

frameworks. Modern Graphical User Interfaces (GUI) can be developed with many technologies

including Qt, HTML5, to the point that can make it hard to choose. But once you build your base OS

image with the necessary software components, update capabilities and APIs - a task for which you also

can use service providers like Antmicro - you have all the freedom in the world to build your application

software, and it is not so hard to change your mind down the road in case you need that.

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Android, on the other hand, forgoes some of the OS-level freedom in favor of standardization: there is an

“Android” way to do things in order to benefit from the good sides of this OS. In return, you get a unified

GUI framework, Java programming paradigm* and a familiar developer experience (a natural

consequence of Android’s smartphone/consumer origin) which can in fact be critical for your use case,

especially if your device includes a touchscreen which is intended for regular use by various people.

For example, if you have an already existing dedicated app for smartphones/tablets that your users are

accustomed to - whether it’s a smart home control center or a mobile industrial measurement device -

and you are building a dedicated device to replace or complement them, Android is the perfect choice.

Without the need to rebuild your user interface from scratch, you save vast amounts of work and

numerous user studies to get the UI right, and people care most about what they see and interact with.

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You will need an industrialised Android image (with e.g. single-app lock in, customised branding and OS

abstractions for various interfaces) to accomplish this, but it will probably be a smaller investment than

recreating the user experience in Linux.

Even if you do not have a pre-existing app, you may also have an in-house team of Android application

developers (or know a good Android application design studio) who could potentially develop your UI

for you. With a much broader application development community, tons of example apps, standardised

application packaging and emulators, developing end user apps in Android is easy. The clear separation

between OS and application layer through standardised APIs (in Android you use different “API levels”

to indicate compatibility) means that you can reuse existing mobile apps or have a separate team work

on them and carry on with testing or adjusting the user interface with the target users while an

embedded team works on ensuring all the Android features you want to support.

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Good use cases for choosing Android especially includes scenarios with a larger, varied community of users. That

includes not only typical consumer devices such as wearables or smart home IoT, but also things such as corporate

devices used by industrial professionals in larger numbers - from hand-held instruments to networks of machines

situated on site. Even foregoing the application development experience, the familiar user interface components,

gestures and interactions of Android may be enough to warrant picking it over Linux.

As mentioned above, Android - although based on the Linux kernel - has its own way of doing things,

including a fairly complicated buildsystem (related to its huge codebase), and the necessity to expose

your kernel level additions to the OS layer in order to make them work in your application. There are

also more requirements from the hardware - since Android requires graphics acceleration and memory

for its virtual machine, you will typically not be able to run modern Android versions on a device with

less than 512 RAM or without a GPU. As with any other choice, using Android in your embedded device

should be motivated by a need for the benefits it provides.

8Antmicro’s Industrial Android running on Toradex Apalis Tegra K1 SoM

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Antmicro has helped numerous customers choose the right operating system for their devices based on Toradex

platforms, and provides Android demo images and development services for Android 5.1 or 6.0 for the

Toradex T30/i.MX6 and TK1 modules to offer better time-to-market.

If you need assistance in deciding which option to pursue for your next embedded device, Antmicro will be happy to

guide you further. For details please contact mgielda@antmicro.com or visit www.antmicro.com.

[*] you can also use an NDK to develop your applications in C/C++ and C#, use Qt as your presentation

framework or develop mobile apps using Javascript in frameworks like Cordova or React Native - but

we are focusing on the most popular scenario here.

Thank you