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“What is Mathematics?” — and why we should ask, where one should experience or learn that, and who can teach it Günter M. Ziegler ICME 2016, Hamburg

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Page 1: and why we should ask, where one should experience or ...icme13.org/files/ppt/Plenary-lecture-Ziegler-ICME-13.pdf · “What is Mathematics?” — and why we should ask, where one

“What is Mathematics?” —and why we should ask, where one

should experience or learn that, and

who can teach it

Günter M. Ziegler

ICME 2016, Hamburg

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“What is Mathematics?”

• Descriptions• Images• Panoramas• The Human Factor

Teaching and learning

“What is Mathematics?”

• Klein’s Double Discontinuity• The Panorama Project• An Images Project• A Stories Project

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“What is Mathematics?”

Descriptions

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Mathematics is . . .

I. Toolbox for everyday life

II. Part of culture, 6000 years old

III. Basis for high-tech, essential

. . . three Subjects at School

(and at University) ?

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“What is Mathematics?”

Images

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“The students’ views of maths itself included narrowand inaccurate images that were often limited tonumbers and basic arithmetic.”

Heather Mendick et al., 2008:“Mathematical images and identities: Education,entertainment, social justice”

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“What is Mathematics?”

Panoramas

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1963 1983 2001 2010

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2016+ ?

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“What is Mathematics?”

The Human Factor

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“Many students and undergraduates seem to think ofmathematicians as old, white, middle-class men whoare obsessed with their subject, lack social skills andhave no personal life outside maths.The research revealed that many of the clichédperceptions which it identified are linked to the wayin which mathematics and mathematicians arepresented in popular culture.”

Heather Mendick et al., 2008:“Mathematical images and identities: Education,entertainment, social justice”

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Mathematics is . . .

I. Toolbox for everyday life

II. Part of culture, 6000 years old

III. Basis for high-tech, essential

IV. A human activity

. . . and all this should be visible at

School

(and at University) !

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Mathematics is . . .

I. Toolbox for everyday life

II. Part of culture, 6000 years old

III. Basis for high-tech, essential

IV. A human activity

. . . and all this should be visible at

School

(and at University) !

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“What is Mathematics?”

• Descriptions• Images• Panoramas• The Human Factor

Teaching and learning

“What is Mathematics?”

• Klein’s Double Discontinuity• The Panorama Project• An Images Project• A Stories Project

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Teaching and learning“What is Mathematics?”

Klein’s DoubleDiscontinuity

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“At the beginning of his university studies, the young studentis confronted with problems that do not remind him at all ofwhat he has dealt with up to then, and of course, he forgetsall these things immediately and thoroughly.When after graduation he becomes a teacher, he has to teachexactly this traditional elementary mathematics, and since hecan hardly link it with his university mathematics, he soonreadopts the former teaching traditionand his studies at the university become a more or lesspleasant reminiscence which has no influence on his teaching.”

Felix Klein, 1908:“Elementary Mathematics from a Higher Standpoint”

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Teaching and learning“What is Mathematics?”

The Panorama Project(with Andreas Loos)

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“Panorama of Mathematics” (with Andreas Loos)I. What is Mathematics?

01 What is Mathematics02 Mathematical Research03 Proofs04 Formulas and Images05 Philosophy of MathematicsII. Concepts06 Infinity07 Dimensions08 Prime numbers09 Numbers10 Functions11 ProbabilityIII. Mathematics in Practice12 Computing13 Algorithms14 Applications15 Mathematics in Public

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When did mathematics start?

Numbers and geometric figures start in stone age;the science starts with Euclid?

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When did mathematics start?

Numbers and geometric figures start in stone age;the science starts with Euclid?

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How large is mathematics?How many Mathematicians are there?

The Mathematics Genealogy Projecthad 200683 records as of 26 July 2016

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How large is mathematics?How many Mathematicians are there?

The Mathematics Genealogy Projecthad 200683 records as of 26 July 2016

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How is mathematics done,what is doing research like?

Collect (auto)biographical evidence!Recent examples: Frenkel, Villani

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How is mathematics done,what is doing research like?

Collect (auto)biographical evidence!Recent examples: Frenkel, Villani

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What does mathematics research do today?What are the Grand Challenges?

The Clay Millennium problemsmight serve as a starting point.

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What does mathematics research do today?What are the Grand Challenges?

The Clay Millennium problemsmight serve as a starting point.

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What and how many subjects and subdisciplinesare there in mathematics?

See theMathematics Subject Classification MSC 2010It has 5020 entries!

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What and how many subjects and subdisciplinesare there in mathematics?

See theMathematics Subject Classification MSC 2010

It has 5020 entries!

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What and how many subjects and subdisciplinesare there in mathematics?

See theMathematics Subject Classification MSC 2010It has 5020 entries!

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Why is there no “Mathematical Industry”,as there is e.g. Chemical Industry?

There is!See e.g. Telecommunications, Financial Industry, etc.

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Why is there no “Mathematical Industry”,as there is e.g. Chemical Industry?

There is!See e.g. Telecommunications, Financial Industry, etc.

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What are the “key concepts” in mathematics?Do they still “drive research”?

Numbers, shapes, dimensions,infinity, change, abstraction, . . .

they do.

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What are the “key concepts” in mathematics?Do they still “drive research”?

Numbers, shapes, dimensions,infinity, change, abstraction, . . .

they do.

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What are the “key concepts” in mathematics?Do they still “drive research”?

Numbers, shapes, dimensions,infinity, change, abstraction, . . .

they do.

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What is mathematics “good for”?

It is a basis for understanding the world,but also for technological progress.

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What is mathematics “good for”?

It is a basis for understanding the world,but also for technological progress.

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Where do we do mathematics in everyday life?

Not only where we compute,but also where we read maps, plan trips, etc.

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Where do we do mathematics in everyday life?

Not only where we compute,but also where we read maps, plan trips, etc.

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Where do we see mathematics in everyday life?

There is more maths in every smart phonethan anyone learns in school.

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Where do we see mathematics in everyday life?

There is more maths in every smart phonethan anyone learns in school.

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What are the greatest achievementsof mathematics through history?

Make your own list!

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What are the greatest achievementsof mathematics through history?

Make your own list!

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Inhaltsverzeichnis

I Was ist Mathematik? 31 Was ist Mathematik? 5

1.1 Thema: Was ist Mathematik? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.2 Variationen: Was ist Mathematik? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111.3 Partituren . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331.4 Etüden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

2 Mathematische Forschung 372.1 Thema: Mathematische Forschung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382.2 Variationen: Mathematische Forschung. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432.3 Partituren . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572.4 Etüden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

3 Beweise 593.1 Thema: Beweise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603.2 Variationen: Beweise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633.3 Partituren . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783.4 Etüden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

4 Formeln und Bilder 814.1 Thema: Formeln und Bilder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 824.2 Variationen: Formeln und Bilder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 864.3 Partituren . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1024.4 Etüden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

5 Philosophie der Mathematik 1035.1 Thema: Philosophie der Mathematik . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1045.2 Variationen: Philosophie der Mathematik . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1085.3 Partituren . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1275.4 Etüden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

1

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Vorwort

Sie halten eigentlich zwei Bücher in Händen: Eines, aus dem manMaterial, Ideen, Inspirationen und Struktur für eine Vorlesung schöp-fen kann und eines, in dem man schmökern, lesen, sich anregen lassenkann.

Die Vorlesung soll Bachelorstudenten beibringen, dass Mathematikviel mehr ist als eine „Einführung in Analysis“, „Diskrete Mathema-tik“ und „lineare Algebra I und II“, wo man kleine, sorgfältig zube-reitete Portionen Mathematik serviert bekommt: Mathematik ist einegewaltige Landschaft, in der sich weltweit und jeden Tag viele sehrunterschiedliche Menschen tummeln, forschen, arbeiten. Das Schmö-kerbuch soll Geschichten aus dieser Welt erzählen, Fragen aufwerfenund Lust machen, selbst zu forschen, Lust machen, sich selbst ein Ge-richt zu kochen, und wenn auch nur Rührei ist. Gutes Rührei ist eineKunst – und ein Anfang.

Dieses Buch wäre nicht entstanden, wenn wir nicht unterstützt

1

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1 Was ist Mathematik?

Auf die Frage „Was ist Mathematik?“ gibt es hunderte Antworten. Oder gar keine – je nachdem, wasman als Antwort gelten lässt und unter welchem Blickwinkel und zu welcher Zeit man die Mathematikbetrachtet. Im Folgenden nehmen wir die Mathematik unter mehreren verschiedenen Blickwinkelnunter die Lupe.

Inhalt dieses Kapitels1.1 Thema: Was ist Mathematik? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.1.1 Mathematik als Teil der Kultur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.1.2 Mathematik als Werkzeugkasten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.1.3 Mathematik als Wissenschaft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.1.4 Mathematik als Studienfach und als Beruf . . . . . . . . . 101.2 Variationen: Was ist Mathematik? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111.2.1 Mathematik als Teil der Kultur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111.2.2 Mathematik als Werkzeugkasten für den Alltag . . . 141.2.3 Mathematik als Wissenschaft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161.2.4 Schulfach, Studienfach, Arbeitsmarkt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301.3 Partituren . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331.4 Etüden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

5

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6 Was ist Mathematik?

1.1 Thema: Was ist Mathematik?

Was ist Mathematik? Eine Definition ist schwierig. Definitionsversuche etwa in Lexika, wie auch inWikipedia, greifen zu kurz:

„Die Mathematik (. . . ) ist eine Wissenschaft, welche aus der Untersuchung von geometrischen Fi-guren und dem Rechnen mit Zahlen entstand. Für Mathematik gibt es keine allgemein anerkannteDefinition; heute wird sie üblicherweise als eine Wissenschaft beschrieben, die durch logische Defi-nitionen selbstgeschaffene abstrakte Strukturen mittels der Logik auf ihre Eigenschaften und Musteruntersucht.“ (Version 12. Oktober 2015)

In der Tat entstand die Mathematik historisch aus „Zahlen und Figuren“ (ein Novalis-Zitat!), aberdas beschreibt nicht die Untersuchungsgegenstände der modernen Wissenschaft Mathematik. DieBehauptung – als Teil der Definition von Mathematik! – es gebe keine Definition von Mathematikklingt nach einem „Widerspruch in sich“. Wenn Mathematik nur „selbstgeschaffene abstrakte Struk-turen“ betrachtet, wieso kann sie dann interessant sein? Überrascht dann nicht die offenkundige Wi-derspruchsfreiheit der Mathematik? Und wie kann dann Mathematik relevant sein für die Welt, fürPhysik, Chemie, Technik, Wirtschaft, sogar Kunst?

Teil der Schwierigkeit scheint zu sein, dass wir mit „Mathematik“ mindestens drei unterschiedliche(aber zusammenhängende) Bereiche und Funktionen von Mathematik bezeichnen: 1. Mathematik alsTeil der Kultur, 2. Mathematik als Reservoir von Hilfsmitteln und Werkzeugen für den Alltag, und 3.Mathematik als hochentwickelte Wissenschaft.

1.1.1 Mathematik als Teil der Kultur

Mathematik ist ein entscheidendes Hilfsmittel zum Verständnis der Welt, trägt entscheidend bei zurGestaltung des Lebens, ist ein integraler (nicht abtrennbarer) Teil der Kultur, in vielfältigen Formen.

Anfänge der Kultur. Mathematik ist so alt wie die menschliche Kultur: Wir finden geometrische Mu-ster auf steinzeitlichen Fundstücken, Markierungen in Gruppen von 11, 13, 17, 19 (Zahlen? Bestandteileines Kalenders?) auf dem etwa 22.000 Jahre alten Ishango-Knochen (siehe Bild 1.1), der in Zentralafri-ka gefunden wurde. In der Ägyptischen Hochkultur wurde Geometrie entwickelt, um das Niltal nachÜberschwemmungen neu zu vermessen und um Heer und Verwaltung zu organisieren, es wurde mitBrüchen gerechnet, usw. In Mesopotamien sind Untersuchungen etwa mit Quadratzahlen belegt. Ausder klassischen griechischen Hochkultur kennen wir Mathematik als Wissenschaft, mit Definitionen,Lehrsätzen, und Beweisen, die auch heute noch klassisches Wissen der Mathematik sind — etwa dieUnendlichkeit der Primzahlen. All dies war meisterhaft dargestellt in den „Elementen“ des Euklid,die bis in die Neuzeit als Lehrbuch genutzt wurden!

Schlüssel zum Verständnis der Welt. Mathematik wurde entwickelt, um die Welt zu beschreiben undzu erklären – und ist dabei über die Maßen erfolgreich. Galileo wird zitiert mit der Behauptung, dasBuch der Natur sei in der Sprache der Mathematik geschrieben. Der Physik-Nobelpreisträger Eugene

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Entwurf

Was ist Mathematik? 11

3 6 4 8 10 5 5 7

9192111

19171311

Abbildung 1.1: Die beiden Seiten des et-wa 20.000 Jahre alten Ishango-Knochens.Was hier gezählt wurde, bleibt ein Ge-heimnis. Entdeckte ein Urmensch diePrimzahlen zwischen 10 und 20? Mehr zurGeschichte des Knochens in � Primzah-len. Grafik: A. Loos

1.2 Variationen: Was ist Mathematik?

1.2.1 Mathematik als Teil der Kultur

Anfänge der Kultur

„Proclus, ein antiker Philosoph sagt: ‘Das aber ist Mathematik: sieerinnert dich an die unsichtbaren Formen der Seele; sie gebiert ih-re eigenen Entdeckungen; sie erweckt den Geist und reinigt denIntellekt; sie erleuchtet die uns innewohnenden Ideen; sie ver-nichtet das Vergessen und die Ahnungslosigkeit, die uns mit derGeburt zu eigen sind. . . ’ Aber ich mag Mathematik einfach, weilsie Spaß macht.“

Terence Tao (*1975)

So beginnt der Mathematiker Terence Tao sein Buch Solving Ma-thematical Problems [477]. Tao ist einer der wichtigsten Mathematikerder Gegenwart; 2006 wurde er mit der Fields-Medaille gewürdigt, diehäufig als „Nobelpreis der Mathematik“ bezeichnet wird. Er gehörtzugleich zu den jüngsten Teilnehmern und Preisträgern der Internatio-nalen Mathematik-Olympiade aller Zeiten: Er war noch nicht einmalelf, als er eine Bronzemedaille in Händen hielt, ein Jahr darauf holte erSilber und dann Gold.

Proclus’ deckt bereits eine ganze Reihe von Blickwinkeln auf dieMathematik ab. In seiner Meinung, Mathematik sei eine gute Schule

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Teaching and learning“What is Mathematics?”

An Images Project

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Teaching and learning“What is Mathematics?”

A Stories Project

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Remarkable places, where Mathematics is/was discovered, include:

• At the Desk• At the Café• In the Computer• In Bed• In Church• In Captivity• In an Attic Room in Princeton• On a Beach• In a Paradise with a Library• In the Internet?

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Three Legends:

• Mathematician vs. Mathematician• It’s the Kovalevskaya’s Fault• The Disappearance of Alexander Grothendieck

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“History of mathematics has the tendency to become gossip.”

Gian-Carlo Rota (1932-1999)

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PIPER

Darf ich Zahlen?GÜNTER M. ZIEGLER

Geschichten aus der Mathematik

K16071

Do I Count?Do I C

oun

t?Günter M. Ziegler

Ziegler

Stories from Mathematics

Stories from

M

ath

ema

tics

AN A K PETERS BOOK

Authors:

The Back cover description that will be placed here will be routed separately from the copywriting department. You will have a chance to review and make corrections at that time.

K16071_Cover.indd 1 10/24/12 5:51 AM

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“What is Mathematics?”

• Descriptions• Images• Panoramas• The Human Factor

Teaching and learning

“What is Mathematics?”

• Klein’s Double Discontinuity• The Panorama Project• An Images Project• A Stories Project

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