and reinforcement methods subsea tunneling design
TRANSCRIPT
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Subsea Tunneling Design and Reinforcement MethodsCarlos Jimenez
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1. Noteworthy Tunnels2. Pregrouting3. Analysis Methodology4. Tunnel Linings5. Alternative Subsea Tunnels6. TBM’s for Subsea Tunneling
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Noteworthy Subsea Tunnels around the world
● Atlantic Ocean Tunnel - Norway
● BART Transbay Tube - San Francisco Bay Area
● Channel Tunnel - Interconnecting France and England
● Seikan Tunnel - Japan
● Xiamen Xiang'an Tunnel - China
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Atlantic Tunnel - Norway
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Channel and BART Tunnels
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Xiamen-Xianan & Seikan Tunnels
Xiamen-Xiangan tunnel
Seikan Tunnel
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Pregrouting
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● Grout is injected into rock ahead of the tunnel face to seal fissures in rock
● Bores are at an angle heading away from the tunnel face.
● End up with a “grout zone”
● Decreases possibility of water intrusion from occurring
Pregrouting
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Pregrouting
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Pregrouting
● Inverse relationship between grouting radius and seepage volume.
● Direct relationship between seepage volume and tunnel radius
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Analysis
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Analysis
● Huge quantity of overlying water pressure on tunnel
● Rock pressure acting on tunnel as well
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Analysis
Norwegian findings for optimal rock cover
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Tunnel Linings
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● Material must be impermeable
● Usually reinforced concrete, shotcrete or precast concrete panels.
● Anchor bolts and rods used to secure walls.
● Waterproof liner to prevent water damage to tunnel
Tunnel Linings
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Channel Tunnel lining
Trans-Tokyo Bay Highway
Tunnel Linings
● Channel tunnel consists of precast panels● Trans-Tokyo tunnel is a shield tunnel
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Atlantic Tunnel Project
Tunnel Linings
● Atlantic tunnel suffered a cave in and huge amounts of water intrusion
● Required thousands of grout to seal
● Combination of shotcrete and anchors and rebar line the tunnel’s walls
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Alternative Subsea Tunnels
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Alternative Subsea Tunnels
● “Tunnel” is a steel tube in an underwater trench along seabed
● BART is located in hot seismic zone
● Majority of seabed in bay area is composed of alluvium or bay mud.
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TBM’s for Subsea Tunneling
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● Difficult for modern day TBM’s to pass through variety of materials
● Cannot travel long distances
● Not built to withstand large pressures on them
● Ongoing design of TBM’s with sole purpose of excavating subsea tunnels
TBM’s for Subsea Tunneling
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Thank you.
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Sources
“The Channel Tunnel.” Dw, 24 Aug. 2015.
C.J. Kirkland, “The proposed design of the English Channel Tunnel”, Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, Volume 1, Issues 3–4, 1986, Pages 271-282
Dunn, James, et al. "Raising the Bar on BART." Civil Engineering, vol. 71, no. 12, 2001, pp. 60-65.
Keinosuke Uchida, Yujirou Wasa, Makoto Kanai, “Design of the shield tunnel for the trans-Tokyo bay highway”, Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, Volume 7, Issue 3, 1992, Pages 251-261
Kitamura, Akira, and Yuzo Takeuchi. "Seikan Tunnel." Journal of Construction Engineering and Management 109.1 (1983): 25-38.
Li, Pf., Zhou, Xj. “Mechanical behavior and shape optimization of lining structure for subsea tunnel excavated in weathered slot.” China Ocean Eng 29, 875–890 (2015).
Nilsen, Bjorn. "Main challenges for deep subsea tunnels based on norwegian experience." Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association 17.5 (2015): 563-573.
Swan, Rachel. “Transbay Tube.” SF Chronicle, 9 Feb. 2019
Wallis, Shani. “5.7km Long Route of Norway's 28th Undersea Road Tunnel since the First Was Completed in Vardø in 1981.” Tunnel Talk, Dec. 2009.