and a volumetric curvature for modeling reservoir ...sim cal, bopd bbl test, bopd sim cum, bo...

Prototyping and testing a new volumetric curvature tool for modeling reservoir compartments and leakage pathways in the Arbuckle saline aquifer

reducing uncertainty in CO2 storage and permanence

Principal InvestigatorsSaibal Bhattacharya

Jason Rush

Project Kickoff Meeting

Nov 19, 2010

Ordovician strata (e.g., Arbuckle Group Saline Aquifer) extensively karstedworldwide

• Limited understanding of paleokarst heterogeneity & spatial distribution

• Karst features may be coincident with basement to surface fault systems

• Lateral and vertical transmissibility of karst features/boundaries ‐ unknown– Identification of potentially conductive pathways critical to reducing risks related

to CO2 storage and permanence

Problem Statement

• What is needed? – A cost‐effective tool to image karst compartments in the Arbuckle Group Saline Aquifer – Volumetric Curvature (VC) Analysis

Proposal to Test & Prototype a New Tool

•• Curvature Curvature –– A measure of the bending of a surface A measure of the bending of a surface (~2(~2ndnd derivative of the surface). derivative of the surface).

•• MostMost--positivepositive and and mostmost--negativenegative curvaturescurvatures, which measure the , which measure the maximum positive and negative bending of the surface at a given maximum positive and negative bending of the surface at a given point, are the most useful for delineating subtle faults, fractupoint, are the most useful for delineating subtle faults, fractures, res, flexures, and folds.flexures, and folds.

Sigismondi and Soldo, 2003

May be computed at any azimuth about a point

Generally computed normal to tangent plane

Principal Curvatures (kmaxand kmin) can be combined to define other curvature attributes

PositiveCurvature

ZeroCurvature

ZeroCurvature

DippingPlane

Anticline

Syncline

NegativeCurvature

Flat

Z

X

After Roberts, 2001

PositiveCurvature

ZeroCurvature

ZeroCurvature

DippingPlane

Anticline

Syncline

NegativeCurvature

Flat

Z

X

PositiveCurvature

ZeroCurvature

ZeroCurvature

DippingPlane

Anticline

Syncline

NegativeCurvature

Flat

Z

X

Z

X

After Roberts, 2001Curvature (k)=1/R

R

2-D 3-D

Volumetric Curvature (VC) Analysis

Volumetric Curvature (VC) Analysis

2‐dimensionally

3‐dimensionallyvolumetrically

curvature map

WellingtonAnson‐Bates

V.C. used to infer:‐ faults‐ fracture swarms‐ fracture sets‐ flexures‐ sags‐ paleokarst

Arbuckle Outcrop AnalogOrdovician Paleokarst Architecture & Heterogeneity

seismically image impedance contrast

cross‐cuts reservoir bodies withdifferent petrophysical properties

Collapse Doline Solution Doline

Subsidence Doline

Subjacent Collapse Doline

Alluvial Streamsink Doline

Nopah Range, CA

Ummel 4H Performance

0

10

20

30

4050

60

70

80

90

04/24/00 04/29/00 05/04/00 05/09/00 05/14/00 05/19/00 05/24/00 05/29/00

bbl/d

BO BW

Evidence of Karst Compartments – DOE funded Mississippian Carbonate Reservoir ‐ Kansas

• Well produced openholefor 1 month

• Sudden stop of all fluid production

• Suspect collapse of karstfill in lateral

• Hole cleanup complicated by lost bit

Previous Application of VC Analysis – DOE fundedSmoky Creek Field, Cheyenne County, Colorado

ft

Significant production variability between

adjacent wells

Mull UPRC Hiss 2

Crosby 3

Crosby 1

Crosby 2Kern 3

Crosby 4

Kern A4

Ashley 23‐28

UPRC Hiss 3Kern A1

Champlin 124 Amoco B1 Ashley

1

Kern A2

Kern A5

Kern 4Kern

3UPRC Hiss 1X

Beek H&M 1 Champlin‐Kern 34‐21 Kern

B1

Champlin‐Kern 1

Champlin 124 Amoco E1

Champlin‐Hanavan 3‐21

UPRC‐Hanavan 1

Champlin‐Aldrich 2

Champlin‐Aldrich 3

Champlin 124 Amoco A2

Klepper 4

Klepper1

UPRC Hornbostel 2

Kern 2

ft

Most +ve curvature

Top Spergen Subsea Depth (CI = 5 ft)

C1

C2

C3

C4

H1X

H2

KA4

Interpreted positive curvaturelineament

RFs – 40 acre spacing

C1 = 178.5% C2 = 14.9% C3 = 81.8%

C4 = 36.0%

H1X = 40.6% H2 = 48.6% KA4 = 50.5%

Crosby 1

020406080

100120140160180200

1/1/1973 12/30/1982 12/27/1992 12/25/2002 12/22/2012

BO

PD

050100150200250300350400450500

BWP

D

Sim Oil (bbl/day) Oil (bbl/day) Sim Wtr (bbl/day) Wtr (bbl/day)

Crosby 2

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1/1/1992 12/30/1996 12/29/2001 12/28/2006 12/27/2011

BO

PD

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

BW

PD


Crosby 3

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

1/1/1992 12/30/1996 12/29/2001 12/28/2006

BOPD

0

30

60

90

120

150

180

210

BWPD


Crosby 4

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

1/1/1992 12/30/1996 12/29/2001 12/28/2006 12/27/2011

BO

PD

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

BWP

D


Hiss 1X

020406080

100120140160180200

1/1/1992 12/30/1996 12/29/2001 12/28/2006 12/27/2011

BO

PD

0200400600800100012001400160018002000

BWP

D


Hiss 2

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1/1/1992 12/30/1996 12/29/2001 12/28/2006 12/27/2011

BO

PD

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

BW

PD


KA4

05

10

1520253035

404550

1/1/1992 12/30/1996 12/29/2001 12/28/2006 12/27/2011

BO

PD

01530

45607590105

120135150

BWP

D


Previous Application of VC Analysis – DOE fundedSmoky Creek Field, Cheyenne County, Colorado

CA 3 ( full log suite, Cum oil 90 MBO from 1993)

CA 1 (Dphi only, Cum oil 150 MBO from 1973)

CA 2 (uncalibrated Neutron Phi, poor producer)

Interpreted lineaments in Red

Cheyenne County WellVolumetric Curvature Application

01020304050607080

0 2 4 6 8 10 12Year from Production Start

Avg

Ann

ual R

ate,

BO

PDSimulation - 75% Confidence Simulation - 50% Confidence5-month Avg (till Feb 2010)

Previous Application of VC Analysis – DOE fundedCheyenne Wells Field, Cheyenne County, Colorado

CI = 5 ft

Albin 1-23

Simulation Area - A

Previous Application of VC Analysis – DOE fundedWildcat Well (Albin 1‐23), Gove County, Kansas

18,169 9306 3391

8939 35,460

Albin 1-23

Mississipian Subsea, ft

Most –ve curvature map

Albin 1‐23

Albin 1-23 - High Res Small Compartment

05

1015202530354045

12/4/2007 12/3/2009 12/3/2011 12/2/2013

BO

PD

050010001500200025003000350040004500

BO

Sim Cal, BOPD BBL test, BOPD Sim Cum, BO

Previous Application of VC Analysis – DOE fundedWildcat Well (Albin 1‐23), Gove County, Kansas

Average Reservoir Pressure - High Resolution Small Compartment

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

12/4/2007 12/3/2009 12/3/2011 12/2/2013

psi

Pressure: PRES Average Reservoir Pressure. Fluid Col

Volumetric Curvature Analysis ‐Workflow

Processed 3D data Edge Preserving Smoothening

Geometric Multi-trace attributes

Dip Curvature Azimuth Coherence

Most+ve

Most-ve

Uses many“Black Box”parameters

Wavelengthof curvature

Fractionalderivative power

Companies that generate curvature attributes – GeoTexture, Resolve etc.

Study Area

Bemis‐Shutts Field• Arbuckle production • Compartmentalized

• Variable production from adjacent wells • Offsetting dry holes – water production

• Seismic geometries ‐ evidence of paleokarst• Industry partner ‐ Vess‐Murfin (MVP LLC)• Seismic donation : 9.8 mi2

• cost match: $

Stafford County Lease• Mississippi production• Seismic geometries ‐evidence of paleokarst

• Industry partner ‐Murfin• Seismic donation: 10 mi2

•cost match: $

southern Bemis ‐Shutts

Study Area 1 ‐ Bemis‐Shutts FieldSeismic Geomorphology, Cores, & Production consistent with Paleokarst

Topeka‐BKC

isochron re‐entrants, internal sags, and breccias indicate paleokarst

Arbuckle Model – Bemis‐Shutts FieldProposed test boring concept

test compartment boundaries:• “triple combo”• drill‐stem test• image log• pressure test• sidewall cores

CO2 PlumeCO2 Plume

Proposed Well Placement – Using Wellington VC Analysis

Paleokarst compartments identified from volumetric curvature (VC) analysis

Prospective paleokarstcompartment

AB

Pre‐Spud EvaluationOct 2010 to Apr 2011

• Reprocess seismic

• Seismic interpretation

• Generate volumetric curvature – Identify karst compartments

• Build initial geocellular model

• Simulate & history match ‐ performance of existing wells located in identified compartments

• Locate test boring

Drilling ProgramMay 2011 to Sep 2011

• Permit well• Drill & set intermediate casing• Drill vertical pilot hole to Arbuckle• Log (“triple combo” & sonic)• Drill‐stem test• Set plug• Kick‐off – depth dependent on VC interpretation • Land well uppermost 40’ Arbuckle ‐ directional tools• Case to landing point• Drill horizontal lateral (<1500‐ft) ‐ directional tools• Condition hole for logging

Wireline Logging Program

• Vertical pilot (free‐fall wireline)– “triple combo”‐ GR, resistivity, neutron‐density

– full‐wave sonic – for synthetic seismic & vuggy porosity

• Horizontal lateral (tool‐push wireline)– “triple combo”

– image logging

– pressure tester & fluid sampler• within and across the karst compartment boundary

– rotary sidewall coring

• within and across the karst compartment boundary

Validate Karst Compartment BoundaryOct 2011 to Sep 2012

• Explore what geological feature is being imaged by VC analysis – is it a FLOW/NO‐FLOW boundary?– Image analysis

– Pressure analysis

– Fluid chemistry

– Sidewall cores

Validate and Optimize VC ModelNov 2011 to Feb 2012

• Reprocessing• Time‐to‐depth processing• Horizon mapping• Impedance inversion• Synthetics• Attribute analysis

– Curvature analysis– Single & multi‐trace

• Fault mapping• Generate curvature volumes

Revise Geocellular ModelFeb 2012 to Sep 2012

• Structural– Import seismic data & interpretations– Fault model– DFN– Transmissibility of karst compartment boundary – lateral and vertical

• Facies– Rock fabric (capillary pressure‐specific)– Stratigraphic (zones & layering)– SIS, facies‐based, with 3D property trends– Paleokarst facies model

• Overprint facies model

• Analyze and identify possible leakage pathways– Fault offset and seal juxtaposition– Shale gouge ratio

Reservoir Simulation Studies Oct 2012 to Sep 2013

• Incorporate petrophysical properties of karst fill (compartment boundary)– Horizontal & vertical permeability– Capillary pressure curves– Relative permeability including hysterisis end‐points

• Evaluate CO2 sequestration potential in Arbuckle Group Saline Aquifer– Long‐term effectiveness of cap rock– Tonnage of CO2 sequestered in brine (solution)– Tonnage of CO2 sequestered as residual gas– Tonnage of CO2 sequestered by mineralization

• Simulate permanence of CO2 sequestered in Arbuckle Group Saline Aquifer– Plume leakage/containment at karst compartment boundary– Plume growth and migration – near‐ and long‐term

• Plume attenuation with time

and a volumetric curvature for modeling reservoir ...sim cal, bopd bbl test, bopd sim cum, bo...

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