Rajasthani Art SchoolsMewar (Ragamala)

themes from the life of Krishna and his frolic with the gopis; heroes and heroines of Hindi poetry.

Scenes from Bhagvata and Ramayana Landscape lacks the naturalism of the Mughal school

Marwar

Genuine Rajput style evolved under this school Equestrian portraits of the royal house and the nobility. Show bold types of expression with broad, fish eyes in human faces This school is essentially Hindu

Jaipur

Raslila was painted. It became ‘an earthly erotic amusement’

Manjusha Art Manjushas are temple shaped boxes containing eight pillars The boxes often contain the paintings of gods, goddesses and other characters The boxes are used in Bishahari Puja This is practiced in the Bhagalpur region of Bihar

Handicrafts Channapatna toys

o Wooden toys from Karnataka Nirmal Toys

o Wooden toys made in the town of Nirmal in Adilabad district Tanjore doll

o Bobblehead made of terracotta

Sandpainting

Kolam

Drawn using rice powder by female members in front of their home Mainly in South India

Rangoli

North India. Using sand colors, flour or flowers

Other fine arts Mehandi Pichhwai

o Intricate paintings that portray Lord Krishnao Exist in the town of nathdwara in Rajasthan

Tarakashio A type of metalwork from Cuttack

Indian Art Awards Kalaimamani

o By Tamil Nadu Iyal Isai Nataka Manram Kalidas Samman

o Presented by the MP govt Sangeet Natak Akademi Award Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship Shilp Guru

o By GOI to a master craftsperson. Started in 2002. Tulsi Samman

o By MP govt. In fields of art, theatre, dance and music. Varnashilpi Venkatappa Award

o By Karnataka govt for excellence in painting

Indus Valley Civilization

Discovered in 1921 Belonged to the bronze age An area of about 1.3 mn sq km Existed between 3300-1600 BC in three phases: early, mature and late phases Sites

Early (pre-Harappan) Mature (Harappan) Late phase (post-urban)HarappaMohenjodaroChanhu-daroLothal

Kalibangan KalibanganBanawali Banawali (Hissar)

Sutkagendor (Pakistan)Sukotada (Gujarat)

Dholavira (Kutch) Dholavira DholaviraRakhigarhi (Ghaggar) Rakhigarhi Rakhigarhi

BhagwanpuraManda (Jammu); Chandigarh, Shangol (Punjab); Daulatpur, Mitthal (Haryana); Alamgirpur. Hulas (West UP)

Site Remarkable FeatureSutkagendor – Surkotada Marked by a citadelMohenjo-daro Great Bath;

Large granaryImpressive drainage systemPiece of woven cottonMother GoddessSeal of pashu-pati

Kalibangan Grain and plough

Town planningo Grid system

The Indus people were the earliest to produce cotton

AryansMale dominated

Pastoral

Horse was a significant animal

Rig veda – Consists of 10 mandalas (books): Book 1 and 10 are relatively new

Earliest specimen of Indo-European language: 2200 BC inscription in Iran. Later in the Hittite inscriptions in Anatolia

1500 BC came to India

Sindhu is the river par excellence for them

Saraswati is the best of the rivers in Rig Veda

Panchajana – five tribes into which Aryans were divided

Used ploughshare

Land did not form a well-established type of private property

Metal working was known

Rajan – king

Samiti, sabha, vidatha,gana – tribal assembly

Jainism

24 tirthankaras.

First: Rishab Dev

23rd: Parshavnath

Mahavir (599 BC – 527 BC) or (540 BC – 468 BC)

In Kundagrama near Vaishali

Father – Siddartha (Jnatrika clan)

Mother – Trishala (sister of Lichchhavi chief Chetaka)

Died at Pavapuri near Rajgir

Five doctrines: Do not – violence, steal, lie, acquire property and do observe brahmacharya

Did not condemn the varna system

Triratna: right knowledge, right faith, right action

Spread to Kalinga in first century BC. King Kharavela

Used Prakrit language. Literature written in Ardhamagadhi

Prepared the grammar of Apabhramsha

Contributed to the growth of Kannada

Buddhism

563 – 483 BC – Lumbini, Kapilavastu, Nepal. Shakya family.

Suddhodan and Mahamaya

Death: Kushinagar (Kasia in Deoria distt of UP)

Eight-fold path (for end of misery)

1. Right observation2. Right determination3. Right speech4. Right action5. Right livelihood6. Right exercise7. Right memory8. Right meditation

Do not

1. Covet other’s property2. Commit violence3. Lie4. Use intoxicants5. Indulge in corrupt practices

No god or atman exists

Used Pali

Main elements of Buddhism: Buddha, Sangha, Dhamma

Brahamana ruler Pashyamitra Shunga persecuted the Buddhists

Mihirakula (Huna king) killed Buddhists

Buddhist text: Suttanipata

Gandhara Art

First human statues worshipped

Barabar hills: Caves for monks

Territorial States

Kingdoms and Capitals

Kingdom CapitalKapilavastu PiprahwaLichchhavis VaishaliMahajanpadasAnga ChampaKashi VaranasiKoshala ShravastiMallas KushinaraVatsa/Vamsa KaushambiAvanti Ujjain (North)/ Mahishamati (South)Magadha Rajgir (Girivraja)Chedi/ChetiKuruPanchalaMatsyaSurasena MathuraAshmakaGandharaKambojaVriji/Vajji Mithila

Satvanahanas PaithanPandya MaduraiChola Puhar (kaveripattanam)Chalyukyas Badami (Bijapur)Pallavas KanchiKadambas VijayantiGangas Kolar

First Magadhan Empire

Dyansty Ruler RemarkHaryanka Bimbisara Contemporary of Buddha

AjatsatruUdayin Built fort on the confluence of

Ganga and Son at PatnaShishunagas - Destroyed the power of AvantiNandas (most powerful rulers of Magadha)

Mahapadma Nanda

Mauryas (Patliputra)Mauryas had a very elaborate bureaucracy

Chandragupta Maurya Megasthenes visited during his time

Bindusara Links with Greek princesAshoka Buddhism

ShungaPushyamitra Shunga Destroyed the Mauryan

empire. Killed Maurya king Brihadratha

Balisadhaka – tax collectors during the times of Nandas

Shaulkiki or shulkadhyakshas were also toll collectors

Shakyas and Lichchhavis were republics

Literature

Book Author/Language RemarkDigha Nikaya Pali Buddhist text

North-West IndiaMenander (Milinda) was the most famous Indo-Greek ruler.

His capital at Sakala (Sialkot) Converted to Buddhism by Nagasena (Nagarjuna)

Shakas

Succeeded the Greeks in North West Rudradaman I : most famous ruler

o He issued first ever long inscription in chaste Sanskrit

Parthians

Followed Shakas Famous king: Gondophernes

o St. Thomas came during his reign

Kushans

Aka Yuechis or Tocharians Kadphises was the first king Kanishka is the most famous ruler

o Started the Shaka era in 78 ADo Held the Buddhist council in Kashmir where the doctrines of Mahayana form were

finalizedo Patronized Ashvaghosa

Kushan inscriptions and coins found at Toprak Kala in Khorezm Kushanas were the first rulers to issue gold coins on a large scale Introduced the Satrap system of government They controlled the Silk Route Worshipped both Shiva and Buddha. Some worshipped Vishnu too. Kanishka built a large number of Stupas

Greek ambassador Heliodorus set up a piller in honor of Vasudeva near Vidisa.

Appointed governors called strategos

DeccanSatavahanas

Succeeded Mauryas in Deccan Brahmana rulers Gautamiputra Satkarni (AD 106-130) Vashishthiputra Pulimayi: Capital at Paithan Started the practice of granting tax-free villages to Brahmanas and Buddhist Monks Yajna Sri Satakarni Chaityas (Buddhist temples) and Viharas (monastaries) were constructed during their times

o Most famous Chaitya at Karle in Deccan Show trace of matrilineal social structure Administration

o Ahara – districto Officials – amatyas or mahamatraso Gaulmika – head of a small military regiment and look after administration in rural

areaso Three grades of feudatories: raja, mahabhoja, senapatio Language: Prakrit

SouthPandya

Sent embassies to the Roman emperor Augustus

Chola

Elara conquered Sri Lanka Karikala founded Puhar aka Kaveripatnam which was their capital

Cheras

Kerala and parts of TN Senguttavan is the greatest king Roman influence: Muziris. Also built a temple of Augustus

Vellalas – rich peasants

Arasar – ruling class

Pariyars – agricultural labourers

Shrent – artisan guilds

Chalukyas

Badami (Bijapur) Pulakesin II was the important ruler Court poet Ravikirti wrote his eulogy in the Aihole inscription

Pallavas

They succeeded the Ikshvakus Kanchipuram was their capital Came in conflict with kadambas

o Mayurasharman had founded the Kadamba kingdom (Capital: Vijayanti/Banavasi) Nasrimhavarman occupied the Chalukya capital Vatapi in 642 AD

o Assumed the title of Vatapikonda Constructed a number of temples Ratha temples at Mahabs built by Narsimhavarman who founded Mahabs Pattadakal: Papanatha temple and Virupaksha temple Kailashnath temple at Kanchi

One of the major revolt in the south was the Kalabhras revolt. It was so widespread that it could be put down only through the joint efforts of the Pandyas, the Pallavas and the Chalukyas

Three types of villages: Ur (commoners), Sabha (Brahmans), Nagaram (traders etc)

Foreign Invasions

Major events

326-325 BC Alexander’s invasion

Literature

Book AuthorMudrarakshasa (play) VishakhadattaIndika MegasthenesMilind Panho Buddhist literature of questions of Manender to

NagarjunaBuddhacharita AshvaghoshaSaundarananda (Sanskrit kavya) AshvaghoshaMahavastu (Buddhist-hybrid Sanskrit)

Divyavandan (Buddhist-hybrid Sanskrit)

KamsutraVatsyayana

CharaksamhitaCharaka

Gathasaptasatti (Prakrit book)Hala (Satavahana king)

Tolkkappiyam (deals with grammar and poetics)

Silappadikaram and Manimekalai are Tamil epics<Ilango Adigal? (silappadikaram)>

Natural History (Latin)Pliny (Roman writer)

MrichchhakatikaShudraka

AbhijnanashakuntalamKalidasa

AmarakoshaAmarasimha

Romaka Sidhanta (Astronomy)

Harshacharita Banabhatta

Priyadarshika; Ratnavali; and Nagananda (plays)Harshavardhana

AstadhyayiPanini

MahabhashikaPatanjali

SuryasiddhantaA treatise on astronomy. Authorship disputed.

BrihatsamhitaVarahmira (5th CE)

SushrutsamhitaSushrut (2nd CE)

CharaksamhitaCharak (2nd CE)

Travelers

Traveler During time of WorkMegasthenes (ambassador of Seleucus)

Chandragupta Maurya Indika

Fa Hein Chandragupta VikramadityaHsuan Tsang Harshavardhana

Pliny wrote Naturalis Historia

PhilosophySix schools

School Philosophy Major proponentSamkhaya Materialistic. No god. Later

turned spiritualistic. Prakriti-Purusha. Salvation through knowledge acquired through pratyaksha, anumana, shabda

Kapila

Yoga Slavation through meditation and physical application

Nyaya System of logic. Salvation through acquisition of knowledge.

Vaisheshika Discussion of material elements or dravya. Atom theory. (beginning of physics). Belief in god.

Mimansa Vedas contain the eternal truth. Reasoning provided for vedic rituals. Perform vedic rites for salvation.

Vedanta Brahmasutra. Brahma is the reality. Atma is identical with Brahma.

Shankara (Advaita) – born in KeralaRamanuja (Vishistadvaita)Shuddhadvaita (Vallabha)

Lokayata Materialistic philosophy. Charavaka

Mauryan officersRajukas – a class of officers appointed by Ashoka for administration of justice

Dhammamahamatras – officers of Ashoka for propagating dharma among various social groups

Tirthas – important functionaries

Samaharta – highest officer for tax assessment

Sannidhata – chief custodian of the state treasury

Sangam literature

Sangam was an assembly of Tamil poets held under royal patronage in Madurai Compiled around 300-600 AD Can be divided into two groups: narrative and didactic Narrative: Melkanakku (or Eighteen Major Works) Didactic: Kilkanakku (Eighteen minor works) Silappadikaram and Manimekalai are Tamil epics

Misc

Shataka was a special type of cloth made at Mathura Artisan guilds were called shrents Uttarapatha was a sea route most frequently in use Gomat – wealthy person

Guptas After the fall of Kushans and Satvahanas in mid 3rd century AD Perhaps of Vaishya origin Chandragupta 1- Samudragupta – Chandragupta II – Kumargupta - Skandagupta Capital: Patliputra Chandragupta I

o Started the Gupta era in AD 319-20 Samudragupta (aka Napoleon of India)

o Delighted in violence and conquesto Court poet: Harishena

Chandragupta II (Vikramaditya) [375-415 AD]o Exercised indirect influence over the Central Indian kingdom of Prabhavati through

his daughtero Ujjain was his second capitalo Navratnaso Kalidasa, Varahmira and Amarsimha were at his courto Fa-hsien visited India

Royal seal: Garuda Decline in long distance trade Emergence of priestly landlords Position of shudras improved Subordination of women Buddhism did not receive royal patronage Golden age of ancient India

o Ajanta Paintings <not by Guptas but mostly during their period>o Nalanda university flourished o 13 plays written by Bhasao Mrichchhakatika – Shudrakao Kalidasao Plays were mostly comic

o Ramayana and Mahabharata compiledo Development of Sanskrit Grammaro Aryabhatiya – Aryabhattao Romaka Sidhanta – book on astronomy

Was poor in architecture Huna invasion made the empire weak

Vishti – forced labour by peasants for the army officials

Harshavardhana After the fall of Guptas Capital: Kanauj Banabhatta: court poet (wrote Harshacharita) Ran the administration on similar lines as Guptas Law and order: not well maintained Nalanda flourished as a centre of Buddhist learning Became a great parton of Buddhism (was a Shaiva earlier) Convened a grand assembly as Kanauj to widely publicise the doctrines of Mahayana Authored three dramas: Priyadarshika, Ratnavali and Nagananda