ancient egypt: timeline old kingdom2700 bc – 2200 bcold kingdom pharaoh was god and king....
TRANSCRIPT
Ancient Egypt:
Timeline• Old Kingdom 2700 BC – 2200 BC
Pharaoh was god and king. Khufu—trade begins
• Middle Kingdom 2200 BC – 1550 BC
Hyksos conquered Lower Egypt—Ahmose regained power
• New Kingdom 1550 BC – 1055 BC Military conquests make Egypt rich. Trade routes are
developed. (Hapshepsut) Ramses the Great
Powerful pharaohs created a large empire that reached the Euphrates River.
Hatshepsut encouraged trade.
Ramses II expanded Egyptian rule to Syria.
Egyptian power declined.
Large drainage project created arable farmland.
Traders had contacts with Middle East and Crete.
Corruption and rebellions were common.
Hyksos invaded and occupied the delta region.
Pharaohs organized a strong central state, were absolute rulers, and were considered gods.
Egyptians built pyramids at Giza.
Power struggles, crop failures, and cost of pyramids contributed to the collapse of the Old Kingdom.
NEW KINGDOM
MIDDLE
KINGDOM
OLD KINGDOM
Three Kingdoms of Ancient Egypt1
Geography• Egypt is located in
northeastern Africa • The Nile River runs the
length of the country flowing south to north
• The river begins in the mountains of Africa and empties into the Mediterranean Sea
• The climate is hot and dry, part of the Sahara Desert
http://www.worldcountries.info/Maps/GoogleMap-Egypt.phphttp://www.ancientegypt.co.uk/geography/explore/ter.html
• The grassy areas of Africa slowly grew drier. (Desertification)
• People moved into the Nile Valley (fertile) & near the Mediterranean Sea
• the Nile “Giver of Life”
• Nile spreads out to form a delta--(silt)
rich soil.They called the dried out
desert surrounding this area Kemet
• The Red Land (Egypt).
Geography
• Ancient Egypt was divided into two regions: Upper and Lower Egypt
• Lower (northern) Egypt consisted of the Nile River's delta made by the river as it empties into the Mediterranean.
• Upper Egypt was the long, narrow strip of ancient Egypt located south of the Delta.
http://www.ancientegypt.co.uk/geography/home.html
The Nile River• The Nile was the
lifeblood of ancient Egypt
• It made life possible in the otherwise barren desert of Egypt.
• It is the longest river in the world (over 4,000 miles).
• It served as a source of food for the people of ancient Egypt
• It was the major source of water for bathing and drinking
• The Nile was crucial for farming
White & Blue Nile Meet in Sudan
Floodplain
• The low strip of fertile land located on either side of the Nile River
• The river flooded during the annual rains
• It left the earth soaked and overlaid with a fresh layer of black silt.
• Most of the farming occurred here
• Most fertile soil in Africa
Bordered on the south, east and west by the Sahara Desert, and on the north by the sea, ancient Egypt was protected from outside influences.
Great Sahara Desert
Facts About the Nile River
Length 4,184 miles
2 Sources Lake Victoria, Uganda (White Nile); Lake Tana, Ethiopia (Blue Nile)
Mouth Mediterranean Sea, off Egypt
Countries Flows Through
Egypt, Sudan, Uganda, Ethiopia, Zaire, Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi
Name Origin Greek word Nelios, which means "River Valley"
• Nile flooded each year carrying silt.
• Many times the Nile flooded and
killed many people, crops, animals.
• By studying the sky, they learned to predict when flooding would occur
• Watched the star (Sirius)
• using the first 365 day calendar.
• --used irrigation, dikes, dams, canals
• Also worshiped many gods-nature
Religion• Belief that many
gods and goddesses ruled the world and the afterlife Amon-Re: sun god Osiris: god of the underworld and of the Nile
Isis: goddess of magic Horus: sky god
• The pharaoh was believed to be a god as well as a ruler
Falcon Headed Sun God
Religion
• Belief in eternal life after death. Relied on the Book of the Dead to help them through the afterworld.
• Practiced mummification, the preservation of the body for use in the next
life.
Book of the Dead
Collection of spells, hymns, and prayers intended to secure a safe passage to the underworld for the deceased
•By 3000 BC Upper Egyptian kings had control of Lower Egypt--united by Menes•This marked the beginning of the world’s first organized government• represented one group--lasted 3000•The first dynasty was formed—33 pharoahs•Hatshepsut was 1st woman pharaoh (dressed as man) pg 97
Writing
Making paper from papyrus
What is hieroglyphics?• Hieroglyphics is the picture writing used in
ancient Egypt. The word hieroglyphics is made up of two Greek words - hieros, which means sacred, and glyphe, which means carving.
• The Egyptian hieroglyphic writing system consists of seven hundred picture signs.
• Papyrus (our word for paper)-great
invention--made it easier to write• scrolls up to100 feet long--libraries
Phonograms represent sounds, much as alphabet letters do. Ideograms are signs that represent whole words or concepts.
• The Rosetta Stone—hieroglyphics
unlocked the recorded history
of the ancient Egyptians in 1822
• --3 languages
• Obelisk-granite w/hieroglyphics
Pyramids
• Pyramid-more advanced than ziggarats
• 1st-step pyramid--tomb for ruler
• 2nd-slanting sides & pointed peak
• Burial tombs• Mummy--preserved
bodies
• Souls of the dead-ready for afterlife Riches and servants buried with pharoahs
• Giza--Paraoh Khufu had built for himself-- 20 years to build
• As many as 100,000 workers
• 2 million blocks of stone 5,000 lb /gold
The Great Sphinx
• In 1539 B.C. Egyptians took back
• the empire
• Amenhotep IV 1353 BC & wife, Nefertiti -- urged people to worship only one god, the Aton
• pharaoh changed his name to Akhenaton-angered priest--may have been murderedWhen Akhenaton died, 9 year old boy became pharaoh-Tutankhamen ruled only 9 years--tomb 3,300 years ago
Nefertiti
King Tut
Mythology
Egyptian goddess Isis, tomb painting, ca. 1360 BC.
HIGH PRIESTS AND PRIESTESSESServed gods and goddesses
PHARAOHEarthly leader; considered a god
NOBLESFought pharaoh’s wars
MERCHANTS, SCRIBES, AND ARTISANSMade furniture, jewelry, and fabrics for
pharaohs and nobles, and provided for other needs
PEASANT FARMERS AND SLAVESWorked in the fields and served the pharaoh
Social Classes2
Daily LifeThe Egyptians - Daily Life
http://www.egyptweb.norfolk.gov.uk/eglife.htm
Egyptian clothing was often made of linen and usually white. Strangely, both men and women wore blue and green eye shadow and black kohl eyeliner. And if they could afford it, they usually wore gold jewelry.