5-4 notes: the new kingdom. a woman pharaoh during the new kingdom, egypt relocated their capital to...
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5-4 Notes: The New Kingdom
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A Woman Pharaoh• During the New Kingdom, Egypt relocated
their capital to the city of Thebes, 450 miles south of Memphis – the pharaohs expanded and strengthened the empire as well
• Queen Hatshepsut was the first woman to rule as a pharaoh – she was the wife of a deceased pharaoh
• She ruled with her stepson, Thutmose III, however in 1472 BCE she declared herself the sole ruler of Egypt – She wore a false beard reserved for pharaohs
• Hatshepsut expanded by waging war and establishing trade connections – her largest trading expedition was to Punt, south of Egypt – Traders brought back rare herbs, spices, scented woods, live monkeys, and potted trees for incense
• She erected an obelisk, a four-sided shaft with a pyramid shaped top to proclaim her glory and record her great deeds
• After ruling 15 years, Hatshepsut disappeared – she may have died peacefully or have been killed by Thutmose III (he took over after her and attempted to destroy all records of her reign)
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A Reforming Pharaoh• When Akhenaton took power in 1353
BCE, he lifted a sun god called Aton to the highest status – he also closed the temples of the other gods (effectively bringing monotheism to Egyptian life!)
• Priests who served the other gods lost power, became furious, and worried they might upset the other gods
• Akhenaton moved the capital 200 miles away to a city called Akhetaton
• Akhenaton’s reign also marked a shift in art – Egyptians made realistic rather than perfect depictions of art
• Akhenaton’s religion didn’t last long – 3 years after his death a young relative named Tutankhamen became pharaoh, relying on advisers to help him rule Egypt (he restored the old gods to their position)
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A Powerful Pharaoh• 1279 BCE – 44 years after Tutankhamen
died, Ramses II took power – he ruled for 66 years (longest in Egyptian history!)
• Ramses expanded Egypt’s territory south into Nubia, an African kingdom, and to the eastern rim of the Mediterranean Sea where it bordered the Hittite empire
• Ramses II and the Hittites waged a huge battle that nobody really won (Ramses claimed victory though!) – Afterwards he signed a peace treaty with the Hittites (first known one in world history!)
• Ramses also built a city called the House of Ramses – 4 66-foot statues of himself guarded the temple (the ears were 3 feet long!)
• Ramses reigned until 1213 BCE (he was over 90 years old!) – his reign was peaceful and Nile flooded to provide plentiful water and silt for good harvests during his reign
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Egypt’s Decline• Egypt declined as the central
government lost power after Ramses II’s rule
• By 1070 BCE, a series of foreign powers ruled Egypt
• One of those rulers was Alexander the Great, king of Macedonia who conquered Egypt (the last Macedonian ruler of Egypt was Cleopatra)
• The Romans also controlled Egypt for a time period