ancient civilizations mesopotamia. the start of mesopotamia early humans traveled to find food...
TRANSCRIPT
The S
tart o
f Meso
pota
mia
• Early humans traveled to find food– When food became scarce, they moved
• As they moved they followed the coasts/rivers, to be close to water
• Soon they traveled through the area of the Middle East (5000 BCE)– Found a very fertile area known as the
“Fertile Crescent” – Present day Iraq
• Area was fertile due to 2 major rivers that emptied into the Persian Gulf
Ch
ara
cteristics o
f Fertile
C
resce
nt
• Two major rivers– Euphrates to the West – Tigris to the East
• Area between named Mesopotamia (c. 3100-529 BCE)– Comes from Greek term meaning
“between the rivers”• Many small cities form close to the
Persian Gulf– They later spread further away due to
growing populations
Imp
orta
nce
of G
eog
raphy
• One of the earliest known cities-states: Sumer (2900 BCE)– City-states- an area that was ruled like
separate states– Early example of an advanced civilization – Strong government, laws, economy
• Rivers provided only real water to Sumer– Positives
• Fertile land allowed crops to grow• Deposited silt- rich soil from bottom of riverbeds
– Negatives• Rivers flooded unpredictably; thousands died• Area of Sumer was small (size of
Massachusetts)• Area lacked other vital natural resources
Discu
ssion
• What technology did the Sumerians utilize that would help lessen the negative consequences discussed previously?
Imp
orta
nce
of G
eog
raphy
• Problem Solving at Its Best– People of Sumer utilized new
technologies • Dug irrigation canals to control water
– Also spread the amount of farmable land• Built walls to protect the cities from
invaders• Traded for resources needed w/ other
cities– Traded grain and cloth for wood, metal,
and tools
Riv
er S
ilt and
Irrigatio
n
Canals
Irrigation canal from the rivers
River silt left behind after a flood
Su
meria
n C
ities
• All cities had their own governments and rulers– Ur- the most powerful Sumerian city– Sophisticated city w/ rigid social
classes– Buildings made of clay bricks
• Regular houses were boxlike w/ no windows
• Rich houses were two levels w/ courtyard
Eco
nom
y o
f Sum
eria
n C
ities
• Economy based of Agriculture– Grain would be traded
for other goods• Traded for tools, metals,
and wood
• Marketplace- most important area– Used for trading of
goods– Called a bazaar or open
air market• Barter –A system of
trade in which one good is traded for another
Su
meria
n R
elig
ion
• Sumerian Religion– Polytheism- belief in
multiple gods• Ziggurat- main religious
building (temple)– Usually protected by wall– Served many purposes
• Store grain, ceremonies, sacrifices
• Priests held high power in society– Initially had all power until
more wars broke out and military leaders took over
Su
meria
n Po
litics/Cultu
re
• Led to dynasties – A succession of rulers from the same
family. • Society had rigid social classes
• Little Social mobility– Priests and Kings – upper class– Merchants/ Artisans – upper middle
class– Farmers/ Laborers – lower middle class– Slaves- (usually POWs, not race based)
• Women held some rights in society• Able to own land, enter low priesthood• Could not write; suggests no education
Su
meria
n S
cience
& Te
ch
• Sumerians known for 4 major inventions– The wheel– The sail
• Both aid in travel and trade; make them faster
– The plow – The Harness
• Created calendars• Counting/ number system from 0 –
60• First to use Bronze- the Bronze Age• Created cuneiform
– Writing system of pressing into clay– Used pictographs – picture=words– Stylus- small tool for writing
• Ziggurat
Early
Meso
pota
mia
n C
onq
uero
rs
• Religious leaders held power first but wars broke out
• With more wars, military leaders come to power• Eventually leaders start taking over nearby
villages– Leads to the beginning of empires and empire
building• Empire-many areas under the rule of one leader
• First Empire builder- Sargon of Akkad• Takes power over Sumer
– Came from the city of Akkad– Adopted many of the Sumerian
practices and beliefs• Sargon dynasty unifies Sumer from
2340 – 2125 BCE– Becomes the first time Sumer was unified
• Expands empire from north of Sumer to Persian Gulf
New
Gro
up &
Leader C
om
e to
Pow
er
• Empire of Sargon begins to weaken• Amorites take power of Sumer around
2000 BCE; later known as Babylonians– Make Babylon their capital, moved it from Ur– Still kept practices of Sumer
• Babylonian Empire reaches its height under Hammurabi (1790-1750 BCE)
• Best known for creating a code of law for all people– Hammurabi’s Code; based off earlier codes– First Written Law Code; posted throughout
cities.• Hammurabi’s Code based on revenge
– Eye for an eye, tooth for tooth• Rules applied differently to rich and poor• Religion changed under Hammurabi-
Marduk main god