anatomypowerpoint
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
ANATOMY 2010 1.2 Topic One
What is Anatomy?
Anatomy is the study of the body Its structure (what its made up of) Its function (how it all works)
Knowledge of human anatomy allows us to have a better understanding of how our body works at rest and during exercise and allows us to apply this knowledge to our sporting interests.
Body Systems
There are many different systems in your body e.g. Digestive system or reproductive system.
During this topic we will look at 5 of them Skeletal system Muscular system Nervous system Respiratory system Cardiovascular system
The Skeletal System
The Skeletal System
Is the foundation on which the body structured.
The skeleton is made up from 206 individual bones that when put together create our shape and form the base for which other tissues, organs and muscles attach to.
Functions of BonesFunction Definition Example
Support Bones provide a framework that supports the body and cradles the soft organs
Spine supports the head and trunk
Protection Provides protection for the vital organs in the body
Cranium protects the brain, ribs support lungs and heart
Movement Skeletal muscles,
which are attached to bones by tendons, use the bones as levers to move the body and its parts
Bones move because of joints and musclese.g. Elbow joint is moved by biceps and triceps
Storage Bone serves as a reservoir for minerals
Calcium and potassium
Supply The bulk of blood cell formation occurs within the bone marrow.
Red and white blood cells are formed in the bones.
Bone Classifications
Bones come in many shapes and sizes. The unique shape of each bone allows it to perform its different function.
Bones are classified by their shape as follows; Long Short Flat Irregular
Long Bones
Are longer than the are wide e.g. Humerus, femur. They provide movement
Short Bones Are small cube shaped bones e.g. Carpals and
Tarsals. Allows small and fine movements Flat Bones
Are thin, flat and sometimes curved bones e.g. Bones in the cranium. They provide protection.
Irregular Bones Are bones that fit into none of the other
categories are considered irregular e.g. Vertebrae or pelvis. Allows for fine movement.
The Skeleton The word skeleton comes from a Greek
word meaning ‘dried up body’ or ‘mummy’ The skeleton is made up of 206 bones and
can be divided into two skeletons: The Axial Skeleton
This is the bones that form the central column of the body e.g cranium, vertebral column and rib cage
The Appendicular Skeleton This is the bones of the upper and lower limbs
and the shoulder and hip girdles the attach limbs to the axial skeleton
The Anatomical Position
It is important that when discussing parts of the body; movement that happens; positioning of internal organs, bones and muscles that you apply the standardized anatomical position.
This means that there is a standard way of describing where one body part is in relation another regardless of what position the body is in.
4 Key Features of the Anatomical Position
Palms are facing forward Thumbs point away from the body Standing up straight Feet together
Terms of Reference
When standing in the anatomical position you can refer to body parts, bones or organs in relation to each other by using the different terms of reference.
Usually we would say that ‘the ears are located of each side of the head to the right and left of the nose’. Using anatomical terms of reference it would translate to ‘the ears are lateral to the nose’
Complete Terms of Reference worksheet
Joints
Joints and Movement Where two bones meet they form a Joint Movement can only happen where there
is a joint. The amount of movement that happens at a joint is determined by what type of joint it is.
There are 3 types of joints; Fibrous – immoveable, provide protection e.g.
Skull and Pelvis Cartilaginous – slightly moveable, shock
absorption e.g. Vertebrae, ribs Synovial – freely moveable, provides support
and stability e.g. Shoulder, knee
Two key types of synovial joints are the HINGE joint and the BALL AND SOCKET joint.
Hinge joints allow for movement in one direction
Ball and Socket joints allow for movement in many directions
Movements of Synovial Joints Synovial joints are the freely
moveable joints we are only focusing on two of them – hinge and ball and socket.
The movements that occur at these joints depends on the type of joint it is.
Movement Definition Example
Flexion Is a bending action that decreases the angle of the joint and brings the bones involved closer together.
Arm - Bending at the elbowHip – raising the thigh towards the trunkKnee – bending at the kneeShoulder – moving the arm forward
Extension Is a straightening action that increases the angle of the joint.
Arm – straightening the elbowHip – moving the leg backward (or lowering the thigh)Knee – straightening the kneeShoulder – moving the arm backward
Abduction Moving a limb or part of a limb away from the midline of the body
Moving arms and legs out wards when you do a star jump
Adduction Moving a limb or part of a limb towards the midline of the body
Bring arms and legs back together when doing a star jump
Supination Movement of the hand into a palm up position
Remember supination as in a soup bowl.
Pronation Movement of the hand into a palm down position
The opposite of supination
Dorsiflexion Pulling the toes up towards the tibia
Toes come up like a dorsal fin on a dolphin
Plantarflexion Pointing toes downwards
Planting your foot on the accelerator
Summary of Notes so far Skeleton consists of 206 bones Skeleton has 5 functions:
Protection Storage Supply Support Movement
When describing body parts we always refer to them how they are when in the Anatomical Position
Movement can only happen where there is a JOINT The type of joint determines what kind of movement
happens Two key synovial joints are the HINGE and the BALL AND
SOCKET. Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction, Pronation,
Supination, Plantarflexion and Dorsiflexion are all ways of describing the movement that is taking place at a joint.
The Muscular System
Functions of the Muscular System Provide movement Circulation of Blood Posture and support Heat production
Muscle Categories
Voluntary Muscles Are muscles we have control over and
choose when to use e.g. Biceps or Quadriceps
Involuntary Muscles Are muscles that we do not have control
over and do not decide when to use them e.g. heart
Types of Muscles
There are 3 types of muscles in your body Smooth Muscle – Involuntary
Found in arteries, intestines and organs. The contractions of these muscle fibres are slow and sustained.
Cardiac Muscle – Involuntary Only occurs in the Heart
Skeletal Muscle - Voluntary Attached directly to the bone via tendons Contraction and Extension Works in pairs Muscle fibres
Skeletal Muscles
Skeletal muscles make up over 1/3 of your body’s mass – over 650 muscles
Muscles are attached to the skeleton by tendons
Muscles work in pairs to produce movement with one muscle contracting and one muscle relaxing.
Muscles can only pull – they can’t push. The contracting muscle is the agonist or
prime mover, the relaxing muscle is the antagonist.
Skeletal muscles lie over joints in the body. When a muscle contracts (shortens) the bones that the muscle are attached to are pulled in the direction of the contraction.
In the picture the biceps muscle iscontracting (agonist). This musclelies over the elbow joint. When the bicep contracts it shortens and pullsthe bones in the lower arm up in the same direction, causing flexion of the arm at the elbow
Muscle structure
Muscle actionsMuscle Main Action(s)
Deltiod Shoulder abduction, flexion and extension
Pectorals Shoulder adduction and flexion
Latissimus dorsi Shoulder adduction and extension
Triceps Elbow extension
Biceps Elbow flexion
Abdominals Trunk flexion and rotation
Gluteals Hip abduction and extension
Hamstring Knee flexion and hip extension
Quadriceps Knee extension and hip flexion
The Nervous System
What does the Nervous System do? The nervous system is the master
controlling and communicating system in your body
It is responsible for all behaviour, every thought, action and emotion.
Cells of the nervous system communicate by means of electrical signals which are rapid and specific and create a response.
Functions of the Nervous System Sensory Input – your body has
millions of sensory receptors that monitor change both in and outside of the body and collect information.
Integration – it processes and interprets all of the information and makes decisions about what to do about it.
Motor Output – creates a response in either muscles or organs in response to changes
Nervous System in Action
When you are driving in your car and see a red light (sensory input), your nervous system integrates this information (red light means ‘stop’) and sends a message to the muscles in your leg and foot to contract and relax to move the foot onto the brake (motor output).
Body Types
There are (basically) three different body types that we’ve found in human beings. Ectomorph Mesomorph Endomorph
Ectomorph
•Typically have smaller bone structure.•Small frames.•They are usually very lean.•Have difficulty putting on lots of muscle.•Are usually very strong •The fashion model body type.
•Famous Ectomorphs include:•Brad Pitt•Edward Norton•Kate Moss•Cameron Diaz
Endomorph
Smooth, round body Medium to large bones and joints Short limbs High fat content Gains muscle quickly Loses weight slowly Famous Endomorphs:
Jack Black Danny Devito Jennifer Lopez Beyonce Marilyn Monroe
Mesomorph
Naturally lean
Naturally muscular
Naturally strong
Medium sized joints
Broad shoulders
Gains muscle easily
Loses fat easily
Responds quickly to exercise
Famous Mesomorphs include: Arnold Schwqarzenegger Sylvester Stalllone Madonna Halle Berry Gloria Estefan
Find your body type
Go to the following website: http://
www.bodybuilding.com/fun/becker3.htm
Take the quiz and find out what your body type is.
Research what exercises you should do for your body type.
Finally…
Gym day tomorrow. Bring your PROPER gym clothes. No
gym clothes, no exercise. Role Play Videos due on Wednesday.
Make sure they are finished!
再见