Chapter IIntroduction1.1 BackgroundSensory organs have a special receptors that allow to smell, taste, see, hear and maintain equilibrium or balance. Information conveyed from these receptors to the central nervous system is used to help maintain homeostatis.Reseptor for the general senses are scattered throught the body and are relative simple in structure. Reseptors for the spesial sense smell, taste, vision, hearing and equilibrium are anatomically distinc from one another and are concentrated in specific location in the head.In this chapter we will examine the structure and function of olfactory sense that is nose as a smell receptors

1.2 Purpose To know about anatomy of nose To know about physiology of nose

Chapter IILiterature Review

A. Anatomy of Nose

1. External Nose

The external nose is the portion of the nose visible on the face and consist a supporting framework of bone and hyalin cartilage covered of muscle and skin and lined by mucous membranes. - Bony part : frontal bones, nasal bones and maxille bones- Cartilaginous parta. upper lateral cartilageb. lower lateral cartilage (alar cartilage)c. septal cartilaged. accessory cartilage

The external nose is a triangular pyramid projecting from the face with its roof above and the base directed downwards. It has bony and cartilaginous framework. The6 upper bony part of the dorsum of the nose is called the bridge. The rounded lower borders are called alae nasi. Anterior Nares are situated in the base of the nose and face downwards. They are separated by the columella. Bony framework is formed by the following bones:(1) The nasal bones.(2) The nasal processes of the frontal bone(3) The frontal processes of the maxilla.

Cartilaginous Framework is formed by small cartilages and the quadrilateral septal cartilage. Blood supply is by Facial and Ophthalmic arteries and the veins. Lymphatic Drainage passes to the pre-auricular and sub-mandibular lymph nodes.

2. Nasal CavityNasal cavity is a large space in the anterior aspect of the skull that lies inferior to the nasal bone and superior to oral cavity. The nasal Septum divides the nose into 2 nasal cavities. These two nasal cavities lie below the cranial cavity, above the oral cavity and between the

3. Anatomy of Nose as a Olfaction : Sense of Smell

The nose contain 10 million to 100 milion receptors for the sense of smell or olfaction, contained within a region called the olfactory epithellium. The olfactory epithellium occupies the superior part of the nasal cavity, covering the inferior surface the cribriform plate and extending along the superior nasal chonca. The olfactory epithellium consist of 3 kind of cell : Olfactory ReceptorsThe first order neurons of the olfactory pathway. The part of olfactory receptors that respond to inhaled chemical are the olfactory hairs, cilia that project from the dendrit. Supporting CellColumnar epithael cell of the mucous membrane lining the nose Basal CellStem cells located between the bases of the supporting cell

B. Physiology of Nasal Cavity

The nose is the organ of smell, with receptors from Cranial Nerve I (Olfactory) located in the upper areas. This organ can be devided into an external portion and an internal portion called the nasal cavity. For the upper section of external nose is consists of bony framework of the external nose which are frontal bone, nasal bone, and maxilla and hyaline cartilage covered with muscle and skin and lined by a mucous membrane. And for the lower section of external nose is consists of cartilaginous framework which are lateral nasal cartilages inferior to the nasal bones, septal nasal cartilage which forms the anterior portion of the nasal septum, and alar cartilages which form a portion of the walls of the nostrils. Because two third of the lower section of external nose is composed of cartilage, its allowing some movement for the nose. On the undersurface of the external nose are two openings called the external nares or nostrils (singular: naris).The interior structures of the external nose have three functions:1. Warming, moistening, and filtering incoming air.2. Detecting olfactory stimuli.3. Modifying speech vibrations as they pass through the large, hollow resonating chambers. Resonance refers to modifying a sound by vibration.The nasal cavity is a large space in the anterior of the skull that lies inferior to the nasal bone and superior to the oral cavity; it is lined with muscle and mucous membrane. Anteriorly, the nasal cavity merges with the external nose, and posteriorly it communicates with the pharynx through two opening called the internal nares or choanae. Ducts from the paranasal sinuses (which drain mucus) and the nasolacrimal ducts (which drain tears) also open into the nasal cavity. Skull bones containing the paranasal sinuses are the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillae. Besides producing mucus, the paranasal sinuses are to provide resonance during speak or sing and to decrease the weight of the skull. The lateral walls of the internal nose are formed by the ethmoid, maxillae, lacrimal, palatine, and inferior nasal conchae bones. The ethmoid bone also forms the roof. The palatine bones and palatine processes of the maxillae, which together constitue the hard palate, form the floor of the internal nose.

Physiology of OlfactionOlfaction distinguish among and classify primary sensation of smell. Genetic evidence now suggest the existance of hundreds of primary odors. Our ability to recognize about 10.000 different odors probably depends on patterns of activity in the brain that arise from activation of many different combination of olfactory receptors.Some of the axons of the olfactory tract project to the primary olfactory area of the cerebral cortex ; located at the inferior and medial surface of the temporal lobe, the primary olfactory rea is where concious awareness of smell begins. Olfactory sensation are the only sensation that reach the cerebral cortex without first synapsis in the thalamus. Other axon of the olfactory tract project to the limbic system and hypothalamus these connection account for our emotional and memory response to odors.Examples include sexual excitement on smeeling a certain parfume, nausea on smelling a food that oncemade you violently ill, or an odor-evoked memory of a childhood experience.

Chapter IIIConclusion3.1 ConclusionThe external portion of the nose is made of cartilageand skin and is lined with a mucous membrane . opening to the exterior are the external nares. The nasal cavity is divided by by a septum. The anterior portion of the cavity is called the vestibule. The nose warm, moisten and filters air and function in olfaction (smell) and speech. Nasal cavity as a receptors in smell have

ReferencesTortora,Gerrad J & Derrickson Bryan. (2011). Principles of Anatomy and Physiology. Asia : WilleySobotta, Atlas of Human Anatomy, Volume 2

Nursing of Sensory PerceptionAnatomy and Physiology of Nose

Marissa Ulkhair1311311089Sindy Rahmawati1311311004Cindy Kurnia Nengcy1311311093Jamilaturrasyidah Efendi1311312018

Undergraduate Nursing ProgramFaculty of NursingAndalas University2015