analysing welfare policy - lecture 5
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Technological Change and WelfareTRANSCRIPT
Technological Change
AWP Week 6
Aims
To consider the extent to which technological change impacts on government policy and vice-versa
To explore claims that we have seen a shift from an ‘industrial society’ to ‘post-industrial society’ or ‘information society’
• To analyse the implications of technological change for the welfare state
Re-Cap
• Macro, Meso, Micro Factors
• Globalisation• Political Economy• Work & Labour Markets
• Information Revolution
Information is the key to the modern age. The new age of information offers possibilities for the future limited only by the boundaries of our imaginations. The potential of the new electronic networks is breathtaking – the prospect of change as widespread and fundamental as the agricultural and industrial revolutions of earlier eras.
Tony Blair
This [information] revolution adds huge new capacities to human intelligence and constitutes a resource which changes the way we work together and the way we live together
Bangemann Report (1995)
The world is undergoing a technological revolution and entering the age of the Information Society. [...] The potential technological, economic, and social upheavals resulting from the information revolution could be of the same order of magnitude as those arising from the shift away from an agricultural to an industrial economy
House of Lords Science and Technology Select Committee (1996)
Long Roots of the Info Society
• Machlup (62), Touraine (69), Bell (74)
• Bell - post-industrial/information society:• ‘a revolution in the organisation and
processing of information and knowledge, in which the computer plays a central role’
• ‘an extraordinary transformation, perhaps even greater in its impact than the industrial revolution of the previous century’
Pre-Industrial Industrial Post-Industrial Mode of Production
Extractive Fabrication Processing; Recycling
Economic Sector
Primary Agriculture Mining Fishing Timber Oil and Gas
Secondary Goods-Producing Manufacturing (durables and non-durables) Heavy construction
Tertiary Transportation Utilities Quartenary Trade Finance Insurance Real estate Quiniary Health Education Research Government Recreation
Pre-Industrial Industrial Post-Industrial Transforming resource
Natural Power Wind Water Draft Animal Human Muscle
Created Energy Electricity Oil Gas Coal Nuclear Power
Information Computer and data transmission systems
Strategic Resource
Raw materials Financial capital
Knowledge
Technology Craft Machine technology
Intellectual technology
Skill base Artisan Manual worker Farmer
Engineer Semiskilled worker
Scientist Technical and professional occupations
Beyond Bell
• Toffler: Third Wave• L’Informatisation D’Société
• Pre-Micro-Computer
• May, Angell, Negopontre, Virilio• Castells
Network Society
‘the transformation of our ‘material culture’ by the works of a new technological paradigm organized around information technologies’
‘the vast majority of societies are affected in a fundamental way by these transformations’
‘a new type of social structure that I call the network society ‘
Network Society
• Economy– global– informational– network enterprise
• Labour market– flexible– programmable
labour– polarisation
• Media– fragmented– fast paced– bite sized
• Politics & State– messages/symbols– state as network– hollowed out
Network Society
• Two forces:– ICTs– (Informational) Networks
• Timeless Time• Space of Flows
Welfare and the Network Society
Digital Divide:• Universal Access by 2005• PAT• Computers Within Reach, Wired Up
Communities
• Increasing divide• Multiple dimensions
Welfare and the Network Society
Information Age Government:• 100% services on-line 2005• (integrated) multi-channel• (joined-up) multi-provider• 24-7, any time, any place• citizen centric
• timeless time• diminished place of space• Curthoys: reinvigorate as network services
Welfare and the Network Society
• Economy:• ‘lousy’ and ‘lovely’ jobs• skill-biased technological change
• links to rising income inequality
• running to stand still?
Welfare and the Network Society
• Political Economy of Welfare:– Connections with Third Way– Repositioning of welfare
Giddens: Third Way promotes modernisation
and reform to ‘meet the demands of globalising information order’.
Welfare and the Network Society
• Blair:– Beveridge, like most of his contemporaries,
was committed to full employment, delivered by Keynesian demand management. The assumption of enduring full employment held good during the 1940s and 1950s… [but] began to come apart as early as the 1970s… Today the assumption has completely broken down. Globalisation has placed a premium on workers with the skills and knowledge to adapt to advancing technology
Welfare and the Network Society
• Giddens – Third Way:
– looks to develop a wide-ranging supply-side policy, which seeks to reconcile economic growth mechanisms with structural reform of the welfare state [because] in the information economy, human (and social) capital becomes central to economic success
Welfare and the Network Society
e-galitarianism:• social democracy modernised for
the information age• fragmented (broken?) variation• diminished, reduced vision
• gives due prominence to notion of information society
Competing Visions
‘the paths and outcomes of this transformation are extraordinarily diverse […] there is no one model of information society’
(Castells & Himanen, 2002)
Competing Visions USA Finland
GDP per Capita (PPP - 2000) (OECD Avg: US$23,178) US$35,619 US$25,240
Public & Social Spending (% GDP – 1998) (OECD Avg: 20.8) 14.6 26.5
Gini Index (mid-1990s) 34.4 22.8
Scientists & Engineers in R&D (per 1,000,000 - 1998) (OECD Avg: 3,305) 4,099 5,059
Prisoners (per 100,000 - 2000) (OECD Avg: 94.45) 468.49 49.55
Poverty (< 50% Median Income - mid-1990s) 17% 4.9%
Mobile Phone Subscribers (per 1,000 – 2001) (OECD Avg: 605) 451 804
Key High-Tech Company Microsoft Nokia
sources: www.sourceoecd.org; www.undp.org
Competing Visions
• Finland: welfare-high tech economy link
• Informational welfare state– heavy investment in education– generous unemployment benefits– state encourages technological innovation– state encourages take up of technologies– search for ICT driven efficiencies
Conclusions
‘technology and technological change have not featured prominently as a focus for direct attention in the range of explanatory models for the welfare state which have emerged’
(Uttley)
Technology: Master or Servant?
• Technological Determinism– autonomous technology– soft determinism
• social construction of technology
• actor-network theory
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Inequality and Knowledge Economy
UK Regions, 2001/2
15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00
Population (16-74) Qualified at Degree Level or Above
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4.50
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90:10 income percentile ratio after taxA
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R-Square = 0.94
Inequality and Knowledge Economy
UK Regions, 2001/2
16.00 18.00 20.00 22.00 24.00
Human Resources in Science and Technology
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4.50
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5.50
6.00
90:10 income percentile ratio after taxA
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R-Square = 0.84