DEXA CLUSTER

6th ETH CONFERENCE ON NANOPARTICLE MEASUREMENTZurich Aug. 19-21, 2001

AN UPDATE ON THEDIESEL EXHAUST AFTERTREATMENT (DEXA) CLUSTER

OF THE EU GROWTH PROGRAMME

A. G. Konstandopoulos*, G. Boretto**, P. Prenninger*** & W. Brandstaetter****

*APT Lab, CERTH/CPERI, Thermi, Greece** Centro Ricerche Fiat, Orbassano, Italy

*** AVL List, Graz, Austria****CDL-ACT, U. Leoben, Austria

DEXA CLUSTER

Problem addressed

The present cluster of projects is aiming at providing a complete and integrated approach at the European level, on passenger vehicle diesel exhaust aftertreatment, with emphasis on particulate emissions control for Euro IV and beyond, emission standards.

DEXA CLUSTER

DEXA CLUSTER (2001 � 2005)A systems approach to diesel emission control

Exhaust Aftertreatment SystemNovel device designs (filters, catalysts)CAE tools for system Design/Optimization/Control(traps, DeNOx system, Ox. Cat.)

Size/CompositionRaw vs. Dilute

Real timesoot nanoparticlemeasurement

Effects of Sulfur - content/compositionon emissions and aftertreatment system

Fuel/Lube oil

Advanced Fuel InjectionCombustion mode

In-cylinder measures

DEX

A

DEXA CLUSTER

DEXA CLUSTER PARTNERS

The cluster consists of 4 projects involving 15 partners from 7different European countries with long-term R&D experience in Diesel exhaust aftertreatment and engine technologies.

Aerosol & ParticleTechnology Laboratory

I S T I T U T O M O T O R II S T I T U T O M O T O R I

Università di Napoli Federico IIUniversità di Napoli Federico II

EUROPEAN COMMISSIONJOINT RESEARCH CENTREEUROPEAN COMMISSIONJOINT RESEARCH CENTRE

DEXA CLUSTER

DEXA Cluster Projects

The DEXA cluster focuses on 3 aspects of diesel particulate emissions:

É component technology integration in two demonstrator vehicles (Project ART-DEXA)

É system design and simulation tools(Projects SYLOC-DEXA, STYFF-DEXA)

É quality assessment and measurementsof nanoparticles (Project PSICO-DEXA)

DEXA CLUSTER

CLUSTER MANAGEMENT

Coordinator:Gianmarco Boretto

CR FIATDURATION:1/2/2000-31/1/2003

ART-DEXA

Coordinator:Peter PrenningerAVL List GmbHDURATION:1/2/2000-31/1/2003

SYLOC-DEXA

DURATION:1/5/2002-31/04/2005

Coordinator:Wilhelm Branstaetter

U. LEOBEN

STYFF-DEXA

DURATION:1/1/2000-31/12/2002

Cluster Coordinator:Athanasios G. Konstandopoulos

CERTH/CPERI

PSICO-DEXA

DEXA CLUSTER

DEXA CLUSTER STRUCTURE -1

Cluster of Critical Technologies: Diesel Exhaust Aftertreatment (DEXA)

ART-DEXAAdvanced Regeneration Technologies

�Basic trap selection and materialsscreening�Active regeneration measuresscreening�Trap and control systemmanufacturing�Bench performance testing-integration with DeNox technology�Vehicle performance testing�Demonstrator

DELIVERABLE:Demonstration of reliable andcost-effective Diesel ExhaustParticulate AftertreatmentTechnology

SYLOC-DEXASystem Level Optimization and Control

�Sub-module development

�Validation data for sub-modules

�Simulator development

�Simulator validation and systemoptimization

�Optimized demonstrator design

DELIVERABLE:Efficient and cost-effectiveconcurrent engineering designtools for Diesel ExhaustAftertreatment Technology

PSICO-DEXAParticle Size & Composition

�Assessment and benchmarking ofmethods

�Assessment of enginemanagement effects

�Assessment of aftertreatmenttechnologies effects

DELIVERABLE:M&T methodology for qualityassessment of Diesel ExhaustParticulate AftertreatmentTechnology

STYFF-DEXA

DEXA CLUSTER

DEXA CLUSTER STRUCTURE-2

Cluster of Critical Technologies: Diesel Exhaust Aftertreatment (DEXA)

N

FUTUREPROJECTS

OTHER PREMTECHPROJECTS

OTHER EUPROJECTS

STYFF-DEXADynamic Flow Analysis in Foam Media

�Reconstruction methods for foams

�Lattice-Boltzmann flow solver

�Particle Submodule development

�Acoustics submodule development

DELIVERABLE:Validated simulation tool for particlefiltering and acoustics application of foamsin Diesel Exhaust AftertreatmentTechnology

�Simulator validation and interface toSYLOC-DEXA

W PROJECT

E

DEXA CLUSTER

ARTART--DEXA SummarySummary

É Basic Trap Selection and Material ScreeningÉ Different trap concepts have been investigated both internal

and external to the projectÉThree promising component technologies have been selected

for further development for demonstrator vehicles

É Active Regeneration Measures ScreeningÉActive engine management leading to regeneration potential

and its effect on fuel consumption and driveability has been studied

ÉTrap and Control System ManufacturingÉ Filter operation, diagnostics and control algorithms have been

developed and programmedÉControl system manufacturing is achieved

DEXA CLUSTER

SYLOCSYLOC--DEXADEXA SummarySummary

É Submodel procurement is completedÉ FiltersÉ Catalysts

É Database of component technologies is in placeÉ Exhaust system layoutsÉ Filter materials and configurationsÉ Catalysts

É Computational interfaces/platforms definedÉ Engine cycle simulationÉ Exhaust pipe CFDÉ Filter/Catalyst parameters

ÉValidation Data collection in progressÉEmission control components procured and testedÉSystem lay-out for vehicle demonstrators completed

DEXA CLUSTER

PARTICULATE EMISSION CONTROL SYSTEMS:EXPERIMENT AND SIMULATION

0

5

10

15

20

25

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000

time (Sec)

DP

(kPa

)

E37 (0.85gr/in^3) sim E37 (0.85gr/in^3)uncatalysed sim uncatalysedPerovskites sim PerovskitesE37 (0.68 gr/in^3), Pt sim E37 (0.68 gr/in^3), PtE37 (0.32 gr/in^3), Pt sim E37 (0.32 gr/in^3), PtCeO2/Pt sim CeO2/Pt

Experiment: jugged lines Simulation: Solid lines

Engine speed: 2400 rpm Load: 50%

Uncatalyzed

Catalyst A1Catalyst A2Catalyst A3

Catalyst JCatalyst T

Pres

sure

Dro

p (k

Pa)

Time (sec)

DEXA CLUSTER

STYFFSTYFF--DEXADEXA SummarySummaryNEW PROJECT

É Kick-off was in July 2002

É Emphasis is on novel computational techniques forsoot aggregate transport and reaction in porous media in a parallel computing environment

É Particle Emission Control as well as Noise-Abatement is studied employing porous cellular structures

É Results will be incorporated into the SYLOC-DEXA toolkit

DEXA CLUSTER

PSICO-DEXA Summary

ÉSize measurement techniquesÉ Mobility techniques define the standard and real time performance has been demonstrated (TDMPS). New analysis to connect number and mass based distributions for fractal particlesÉ Multiwavelength optical techniques are promising

ÉComposition measurement techniquesÉBaseline/Post-catalyst/Post filter changes of particles studied with emphasis on sulfate formationÉ Neutron activated Gamma-ray spectroscopy for trace elements on particles is demonstrated

É Joint size-composition measurement techniquesÉ Thermophoretic Sampling/AEM, Size specific photoelectric yield, and size specific gamma-ray spectroscopy are developed and applied

ÉAssessment of Engine Management & Aftertreatment EffectsÉStrategies and aftertreatment technologies based on ART-DEXAÉAssessment of technologies under normal and regeneration operation

DEXA CLUSTER

DEXADEXA CLUSTER DELIVERABLES (March 2003)CLUSTER DELIVERABLES (March 2003)

É ART-DEXAÉ Two optimized vehicle demonstrators with advanced

particulate emission control

É SYLOC-DEXAÉExhaust aftertreatment system simulator tool and its

application for the optimization of demonstrator system layout

ÉPSICO-DEXAÉ Database of engine management and emission control

technology effects on particle size & composition

ÉSTYFF-DEXAÉ Validated computational engine for reconstruction of porous

cellular structures

DEXA CLUSTER

UNIVERSAL LOGNORMAL SIZE DISTRIBUTION-1 1.9L Turbo Diesel DI engine with conventional fuel injection

0.000

0.200

0.400

0.600

0.800

1.000

1.200

1.400

1.600

1.800

0 1 10

<Dp>

<N>

2400rpm & 91.5Nm

1500rpm & 75Nm

1500rpm & 35Nm

average

1700rpm & 70Nm

2000rpm & 120Nm

2700rpm & 90Nm

sg = 1.85 ± 0.04

6 operating points

DEXA CLUSTER

UNIVERSAL LOGNORMAL SIZE DISTRIBUTION-2 1.9L Turbo Diesel DI engine with common rail fuel injection

3500 rpm & 150 Nm

2500 rpm & 95 Nm

2050 rpm & 95 Nm

2050 rpm & 47 Nm

4000rpm 105Nm

2400rpm 91.5Nm

1500rpm 75Nm

1500rpm 35Nm

2050rpm 140Nm

3000rpm & 180Nm

2500rpm & 186Nm

2050rpm & 187Nm

3000rpm & 140Nm

2050rpm & 140Nm

average

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

0.1 1 10<D p>

<N>

s g = 1.88 ± 0.09

14 operating points

DEXA CLUSTER

UNIVERSAL LOGNORMAL SIZE DISTRIBUTIONComparison to Literature

00.20.40.60.8

11.21.41.61.8

0.1 1 10<Dp>

<N>

CR-engine

Conventional engine

Harris & Maricq(2002) lower limitHarris & Maricq(2002) upper limit

DEXA CLUSTER

DMA-PAS/DC IN SERIES SETUPFOR SIZE RESOLVED COMPOSITION MEASUREMENT

Rotarydiluter

150 C

Exhaustpipe

DMA

UCPC

85Krneutraliser

PAS

DC

Impactor2.5 mm

85Krneutraliser

DEXA CLUSTER

FUCHS SURFACE OF A DIESEL AGGREGATE

íìë

­~¤­

==0)Kn()Kn(71.65

)Kn()SCF(

)Kn(657.1)Fuchs( 2

22

xxxxxx

xxxx

pp

p

Mob.Diam.

Mob.surface

Numberof primaryparticlesin aggregate

Fuchssurface

Fractalaggregatesurface

Fuchs fractalaggregatesurface

Dm pDm2 NA=

km(Dm/d0)1.82Fuchs(Dm) NApd2

0 NA Fuchs(d0)

RTMW2pnl =x

x l2)Kn( = )4.0257.1)(Kn(1)SCF( )Kn(4.0xexx

-

++=

DEXA CLUSTER

FRACTAL PREFACTOR OF DIESEL AGGREGATES: SMPS vs. LPME* CORRELATION

Rg~ Rm

d0

Rg~ RmRg~ RmRg~ Rm

d0*LPME: Long Path

Multiwavelngth Extinctiony = 1.0306x

0.0E+00

5.0E-09

1.0E-08

1.5E-08

2.0E-08

2.5E-08

3.0E-08

3.5E-08

4.0E-08

4.5E-08

5.0E-08

0.0E+00

5.0E-09 1.0E-081.5E-08 2.0E-08 2.5E-08 3.0E-08 3.5E-08 4.0E-08 4.5E-08

Particle concentration measured with LPME ( volume fraction)

Part

icle

conc

entr

atio

n m

easu

red

with

SM

PS

(vol

ume

frac

tion)

1700RPM, 70Nm

2000RPM,120Nm

2400RPM,91Nm

2700RPM,91Nm

y = 1.0306x

0.0E+00

5.0E-09

1.0E-08

1.5E-08

2.0E-08

2.5E-08

3.0E-08

3.5E-08

4.0E-08

4.5E-08

5.0E-08

0.0E+00

5.0E-09 1.0E-081.5E-08 2.0E-08 2.5E-08 3.0E-08 3.5E-08 4.0E-08 4.5E-08

Particle concentration measured with LPME ( volume fraction)

Part

icle

conc

entr

atio

n m

easu

red

with

SM

PS

(vol

ume

frac

tion)

1700RPM, 70Nm

2000RPM,120Nm

2400RPM,91Nm

2700RPM,91Nm

1700RPM, 70Nm

2000RPM,120Nm

2400RPM,91Nm

2700RPM,91Nm

nm324.276.1

ornm3282.19.3

)2(

0

0

0

º==

º==

=

dDkdDk

dRkN

fm

fm

DmmA

f

***

The SMPS vs. LPME correlation is the same for:

y = 2339.1x

0.0E+00

2.0E-05

4.0E-05

6.0E-05

8.0E-05

1.0E-04

1.2E-04

1.4E-04

0.0E+00 1.0E-08 2.0E-08 3.0E-08 4.0E-08 5.0E-08 6.0E-08

Particle concentration measured with LPME (volume fraction)

Part

icle

con

cent

ratio

n m

easu

red

with

RES

(m

g/cm

3 )

1700RPM,70Nm2000RPM,120Nm2400RPM,91Nm2700RPM,91Nm

Slope = primary particle density (kg/m3)

y = 2339.1x

0.0E+00

2.0E-05

4.0E-05

6.0E-05

8.0E-05

1.0E-04

1.2E-04

1.4E-04

0.0E+00 1.0E-08 2.0E-08 3.0E-08 4.0E-08 5.0E-08 6.0E-08

Particle concentration measured with LPME (volume fraction)

Part

icle

con

cent

ratio

n m

easu

red

with

RES

(m

g/cm

3 )

1700RPM,70Nm2000RPM,120Nm2400RPM,91Nm2700RPM,91Nm

1700RPM,70Nm2000RPM,120Nm2400RPM,91Nm2700RPM,91Nm

Slope = primary particle density (kg/m3)

Konstandopoulos et al. (2001)* If particles are DLCCA clusters** Based on mass vs. mobility measurements of Kittelson & McMurry (2002)

DEXA CLUSTER

�SURFACE� DEFINITIONS OF A DIESEL AGGREGATE

82.19.3)2(0

=== fmDm

mA DkdRkN fExample calculation for

0.00E+00

1.00E+05

2.00E+05

3.00E+05

4.00E+05

5.00E+05

6.00E+05

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Mobility Diameter (nm)

Surfa

ce (n

m2 )

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

N A

Mob. Surface (nm2)

Fractal Aggregate Surface (nm2)

Fuchs Surface (nm2)

Fuchs Fractal Surface (nm2)

NA (-)

DEXA CLUSTER

0.0E+00

5.0E-08

1.0E-07

1.5E-07

2.0E-07

2.5E-07

3.0E-07

0 100 200 300Mobility Diameter (nm)

PA

S/F

uchs

Fra

ctal

Are

a(fA

/nm

2 /cm

3 )1500 rpm 5 bar

1500 rpm 2 bar

PAS/Total Fuchs Fractal Area For DifferentEngine Loads

DEXA CLUSTER

BEYOND THE DEXA-CLUSTER

In response to the EU CALL FOR Expressions of Interest (6/02)the DEXA CLUSTER Partners have formed the

ECONETNetwork of Excellence to address the

NEEDS FOR FUTURE EMISSION CONTROL SYSTEMS §Compactness (size reduction by > 50%)§Cost (target to be defined in �/kW of engine power)§Flexibility and tolerance to new fuels and engines