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TRANSCRIPT
CONTENTS
Introduction ...................................................................................................... 7
Key drivers ..................................................................................................... 10
Fuel economy and CO2 emissions ................................................................. 10
The United States ...................................................................................... 10
The European Union................................................................................. 12
Japan ........................................................................................................ 12
China........................................................................................................ 12
Other countries ......................................................................................... 13
Noxious emissions and health concerns ........................................................ 14
Diesel Soot – Particulate Matters ............................................................... 17
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) .............................................................................. 19
Europe ...................................................................................................... 21
The United States ...................................................................................... 23
Japan ........................................................................................................ 27
Other countries ......................................................................................... 30
Medium- and heavy-duty vehicles .............................................................. 31
Platinum Group Metals trends...................................................................... 31
Exhaust and after-treatment technology ........................................................... 35
Gasoline engine emissions control ................................................................ 39
Three-Way Catalytic converter (TWC) ...................................................... 39
Exhaust Gas Re-circulation (EGR) ............................................................ 42
Diesel engine emissions control .................................................................... 44
Diesel oxidation catalyst ............................................................................ 44
Selective catalytic reduction ....................................................................... 45
CRT Process ............................................................................................. 52
Diesel particulate filter .............................................................................. 53
Catalyst Poisoning .................................................................................... 56
The SCR versus EGR debate ..................................................................... 56
SCR plus EGR for Euro 6 ......................................................................... 59
Acoustic management ............................................................................... 60
Exhaust heat recovery systems ................................................................... 61
Thermoelectric generators ......................................................................... 65
The exhaust and aftertreatment systems market ............................................... 67
The OEM market ...................................................................................... 67
The Aftermarket ........................................................................................ 72
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Supplier Profiles .............................................................................................. 75
Bosal ........................................................................................................ 75
Boysen ...................................................................................................... 78
Calsonic Kansei ........................................................................................ 80
Eberspächer .............................................................................................. 84
Emitec ...................................................................................................... 87
Faurecia .................................................................................................... 89
Futaba ...................................................................................................... 96
Gustav Wahler .......................................................................................... 98
Johnson Matthey .................................................................................... 100
Katcon .................................................................................................... 103
KSPG ..................................................................................................... 105
Magneti Marelli ...................................................................................... 109
Tenneco .................................................................................................. 114
Umicore.................................................................................................. 118
Wescast .................................................................................................. 121
TABLE OF FIGURES
Figure 1: The progress of emissions regulations across major markets ................. 8 Figure 2: Fuel economy standards to 2015 for selected countries (US mpg) ....... 10 Figure 3: International car CO2 emissions standards ......................................... 11 Figure 4: NOx limits in the EU, Japan and the US, 1995 – 2010 (g/kWh) ........ 13 Figure 5: PM limits in the EU, Japan and the US, 1995 – 2010 (g/kWh) .......... 13 Figure 6: Global testing procedures and standards ............................................ 15 Figure 7: An overview of the role of nitrogen oxides in atmospheric chemistry.. 15 Figure 8: HC reductions in the EU, Japan and the US, 2000 – 2010 .................. 16 Figure 9: The structure of particulate matter (PM) ............................................ 17 Figure 10: CO reductions in the EU, Japan and the US, 2000 – 2010 ................ 18 Figure 11: Diesel PM reductions in the EU, Japan and the US, 2000 – 2010 ..... 19 Figure 12: NOx reductions in the EU, Japan and the US, 2000 – 2010 .............. 19 Figure 13: The progress of EU gasoline emissions regulations........................... 21 Figure 14: US Light duty emissions standards ................................................. 26 Figure 15: Criterion emissions reductions in the EU, the US and Japan, 1992 –
2015.......................................................................................................... 28 Figure 16: Emissions standards timetable in selected countries, 2001 – 2010 ..... 30 Figure 17: Price comparison and volatility in Platinum and Palladium 2007 -
2012.......................................................................................................... 32 Figure 18: Tenneco’s technology road map for exhaust systems ........................ 35 Figure 19: A comparison of exhaust systems 1975 and 2009 ............................. 36 Figure 20: A 2012 exhaust system including emissions control, CO2 reduction
and acoustic design ................................................................................... 37 Figure 21: Three-way catalytic converter .......................................................... 38 Figure 22: The effect of fuel-air mixture on catalytic converter operation .......... 40
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Figure 23: The effect of temperature on catalytic converter operation ................ 41 Figure 24: The construction of an electrically heated TWC ............................... 42 Figure 25: Exhaust gas recirculation with cooler .............................................. 43 Figure 26: Denso’s compact EGR cooler for gasoline engines ........................... 43 Figure 27: Selective catalytic reduction schematic ............................................ 45 Figure 28: Selective catalytic reduction ............................................................ 46 Figure 29: Faurecia ASDS unit ........................................................................ 48 Figure 30: Delphi’s on-board reformer ............................................................. 49 Figure 31: A schematic of Faurecia’s ASDS system .......................................... 49 Figure 32: Lean NOx trap/ storage catalyst converter (NSC) system ................ 50 Figure 33: NOx trap system with ECU control ................................................. 52 Figure 34: A schematic of a wall-flow DPF ...................................................... 53 Figure 35: Mercedes Benz E Class DPF ........................................................... 54 Figure 36: Acicular Mulite process effects in DPF substrate .............................. 55 Figure 37: A comparison between EGR and SCR technology ........................... 57 Figure 38: Eberspächer’s ActiveSound technology integrated with an Audi A6
exhaust system .......................................................................................... 60 Figure 39: Energy distribution and losses ......................................................... 62 Figure 40: BMW’s combined EGR TEG unit .................................................. 62 Figure 41: Electrical power requirements for NEDC and actual customer
requirements for various vehicle classes ..................................................... 64 Figure 42: BMW Turbostreamer technology on test and in-situ ........................ 64 Figure 43: A systematic diagram of a TE module ............................................. 65 Figure 44: Skutterudite structures .................................................................... 66 Figure 45: Global gasoline and diesel production forecast to 2024 .................... 67 Figure 46: Global gasoline and diesel production forecast by region to 2024..... 68 Figure 47: Forecast PGM use in autocatalysts .................................................. 69 Figure 48: Forecast DPF market for light vehicles to 2024 ................................ 69 Figure 49: Exhaust and aftertreatment market for light vehicles value to 2024 ... 70 Figure 50: Exhaust and aftertreatment market for light vehicles value by region
to 2024 ...................................................................................................... 71
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TABLE OF TABLES
Table 1: Euro emissions limits for light positive ignition (gasoline) vehicles (g/km) ...................................................................................................... 22
Table 2: Euro emissions limits for light compression ignition (diesel) vehicles (g/km) ...................................................................................................... 22
Table 3: US emissions standards for light-duty vehicles, to five years/50,000 miles (g/mile) ........................................................................................... 23
Table 4: Monitoring requirements of California OBD systems .......................... 24 Table 5: Japan emissions limits for light gasoline & LPG vehicles (g/km) ......... 27 Table 6: Japan emissions limits for light diesel vehicles (g/km) ......................... 27 Table 7: Chinese emissions standards for light duty vehicles ............................. 29 Table 8: Emissions control strategies ................................................................ 38 Table 9: Reactions in a three- way catalytic converter ....................................... 40 Table 10: Cost comparison EGR vs SCR in Europe ......................................... 59
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