an introduction to iot: connectivity & case studies
TRANSCRIPT
The following presentation is intended for educational purposes only. There are references to information in public domain (books, websites, standard documents, etc.) in this material. Sincere attempt has been made to give credit to all such references wherever possible. The original copyright holders retain the copyright to their material. E&OE.
Thanks to Dr. Triantafyllos (Aldo) Kanakis for preparing some of the slides and Parallel Wireless for giving me time off from the hectic schedule to complete this presentation.
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Sensor/Machine/Thing
Connectivity
Base Station
Flow of data
Control Information /
Software Updates
Core Network / Network Server
Backhaul
(Wired / Wireless)
Machine
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Machine
Machine
Machine
Machine
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Machine
Machine
Machine
Cloud
IoT is combining data, cloud, connectivity
analytics and technology in a way that
enables a smart environment in which
everyday objects are embedded with
network connectivity in order to improve
functionality and interaction
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Source: 3G4G Blog
Lets assume there is
one of this machine
on each floor or a
five floor building
In total, there are
five machines.
Scenario 1 - No connectivity
Someone has to manually go on each
floor and check if there are enough
coffee beans, chocolate powder, milk
powder, etc.
He/She may have to do this say 3-4
times a day.
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Source: 3G4G Blog
Scenario 2 - Basic connectivity (M2M)
The machine has basic sensors so it can send some kind of notification (on your phone or email or message, etc.) whenever the coffee beans, chocolate powder, milk powder, etc., falls below a certain level.
An app on phone and/or computer may be available
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Source: 3G4G Blog
Scenario 3: Advanced connectivity (IoT) Lets say that the coffee machine is connected
to the office system and database.
It knows which employees come when and what is their coffee/drinks consumption pattern
This way the machine can optimize when it needs to be topped up.
If there is a large meeting/event going on, the coffee machine can even check before the breaks and indicate in advance that it needs topping up
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Source: 3G4G Blog
Scenario 4: Intelligent Devices (Advanced IoT) Lets add intelligence to it so it can even know
about the inventory.
How much of coffee beans, chocolate powder, milk powder, etc is in stock and when would they need ordering again.
It can have an employee UI (User Interface) that can be used by employees to give feedback on which coffee beans are more/less popular or what drinks are popular.
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Source: 3G4G Blog
Scenario 4: Intelligent Devices (Advanced
IoT) – continued This info can be used by the machines to order
the supplies, taking into account the price,
availability, etc.
Build your own apps – API’s are available
Can robots automate the remaining tasks of
cleaning, topping it up, etc.?
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Source: 3G4G Blog
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Source: 5G Americas
“There are many different type of devices that can be connected to the Internet of Things. A device can be something big and complex, like a car or a house. It can be something you use in everyday life, such as a golf club, or a printer, or a pair of sneakers. It can be something very, very small, such as a discrete sensor inside your car or house or golf club, a single part of a much larger and more complex device.
For that matter, what the IoT calls “things” don’t have to be actual physical things. A thing can be a piece of data – status information such as your location or room temperature – collected through separate general purpose device, such as a thermostat, smartphone or computer. Put another way, the physical thing itself doesn’t have to be in the IoT, although data about the thing must.
Know, though, that most IoT devices are simple sensors that monitor something happening nearby. These simple things are either record or transmit the information they gather across the network to some other device or service.”
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The right car gets pre-heated depending on: › Day of the week
› Whether travelling alone or with the family
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Connectivity
Base Station
Flow of data
Control Information /
Software Updates
Core Network / Network Server
Backhaul
(Wired / Wireless)
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Flow of data
Control Information /
Software Updates
Core Network / Network Server
Connectivity
(Wired / Wireless)
22 Source: Ericsson Part 1, Part 2
23 Source: Ericsson Part 1, Part 2
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Source: Samsung Newsroom (April Fools 2016 Joke)
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Source: Venturebeat
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Source: Forbes/BCG
MTC (Machine Type Communication)
Device
D2D (Device-to-device)
IoST (Internet of Small Things)
LPWA (Low Power Wide Area)
IoE (Internet of Everything)
Mote (Remote)
IDoT (Identity of Things)
IIoT (Industrial IoT)
TaaS (Things as a Service)
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Light Proximity
Microphones (inc. ultrasound reciver)
Camera (front & back)
Gyroscope
Accelerometer
Magnetometer Barometer
Humidity
Positioning › GPS / GLONASS /
GALILIEO
› Wi-Fi
› Cellular (A-GPS)
NFC
Pressure
Temperature
Gesture Fingerprint
Heartbeat monitor
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Source: Nick Hunn
Wired
Wireless
› Near Field (NFC)
› Short range (Bluetooth, Zigbee, WiFi)
› Cellular (2G, 3G, 4G)
› LPWA - Low Power Wide Area
Licensed spectrum (NB-IoT)
Unlicensed spectrum (Sigfox, LoRa, etc.)
› Satellite
Serial bus
USB
Ethernet
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Near Field Communication
NFC is very short range communication protocol
Point-to-point communication
Needs both devices within field to communicate
› Contactless payments (apple pay, android pay, paypal etc)
› Ticket validations (Oyster)
› File sharing
› Multiplayer gaming
Most smartphones are NFC ready
Short range communications
Transmission at the ISM band
Low transmission power
Low penetration properties (walls, doors, windows etc)
High transmission rate
High availability
› Smartphones
› Laptops
› Car entertainment units
› IoT devices
Low cost
Supports few nodes in a PAN
Bluetooth 4.0 is not a Bluetooth revision
› Completely new technology
Shorter range
Lower transmission power
Poorer penetration properties
Faster discovery and connection setup speed
Lower throughput
Lower cost
Energy saving for wearable devices
› Available for IoT applications
40 Source: Qualcomm
Wider range communications (compared to Bluetooth)
Transmission at the ISM band
Low transmission power (higher than Bluetooth)
High transmission rate
Some penetration properties (better than Bluetooth)
Slower market acceptance
Smaller availability
Supports many nodes (WLAN)
Low cost
Short range communications Transmission at the ISM band Low transmission power Very good penetration properties (walls, doors, windows etc)
High transmission rate Highest availability
› Smartphones › Computers › Car entertainment units
› IoT devices › Smart home devices › Control units
Very low cost Supports many nodes (WLAN)
A Wi-Fi family technology Sub 1GHz operating frequency Longer range for same transmit power as Wi-Fi Better penetration properties than Wi-Fi
Target applications › Smart Homes › Connected cars › Healthcare › Remote industry operation
› Retail › Agriculture › Smart Cities
Supports multiple nodes (WLAN)
HaLow™
44 Source: Radio Electronics
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47 Source: Ericsson Mobility Report, June 2016
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49 Source: A Survey of Longer-Range IoT Wireless Protocols by Bryon Moyer
50 Source: CW/Sigfox
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52 Source: A Survey of Longer-Range IoT Wireless Protocols by Bryon Moyer
53 Source: CW/Sigfox
Low cost modules $2 - $3
Subscription prices as low as £1 per year in large volumes
(over 50K)
Aiming for very low-bandwidth applications that favour low volumes of messages per device, typically uplink-heavy
(device to cloud)
› 12 bytes per message, and at the same time no more than 140
messages per device per day
Sigfox devices can work up to 20 years off two AA batteries
Source: Rethink Research 54
Agriculture and environment: weather monitoring; irrigation control; soil condition; security; monitoring the health of livestock; measuring river water.
Automotive: vehicle tracking; fleet management
Consumer electronics: personal tracking devices; health products with monitoring of sensor statuses such as location, blood pressure and glucose levels; home automation/domotics.
Emergency services and security: alarms; CCTV; fire detection and protection; access control systems;
Healthcare: devices enabling first responder connectivity or clinical trials monitoring.
Intelligent buildings: heating; ventilation; air conditioning; lighting; security.
Manufacturing and supply chain: devices that monitor waste and fuel consumption, inventory, maintenance variables, etc.
Manufacturing and supply chain: devices that monitor waste and fuel consumption, inventory, maintenance variables, etc.
Retail and leisure: supply chain communication, inventory management, shopping devices and communication.
Utilities: energy theft monitoring, feedback for consumers and repair crews, public safety, waste, leakage and financial control
Smart city and public transport: technologies for public transport, including ticketing and passenger information systems; parking space management and payment; charging and road tolls, traffic volume monitoring; connected road signs, traffic lights and law-enforcement cameras; CCTV, street lighting, waste collection, public alarms and intercoms; tourist information services; static advertising and billboards.
Source: Wikipedia
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Uses cellular and Sigfox where available
Monthly service plans between $7 - $10
Sigfox can help reduce the costs further
Source: http://www.whistle.com/ 56
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58 Source: A Survey of Longer-Range IoT Wireless Protocols by Bryon Moyer
LoRa refer to a wireless modulation allowing a low power high radio budget communication.
LoRaWAN refer to a network protocol using LoRa chips for the communication. It relies on basestation able to monitor 8 frequencies with multiple spread factors (virtually ~42 channels).
It is possible to use LoRa modulation in point to point or star networks without using LoRaWAN.
It could be possible to have LoRaWAN like network with other radio link, but wouldn’t be really practical.
Source: Alexandre Bouillot, Quora
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Milton Keynes is to deploy its own low power wide area (LoRa) network with gateways installed at four locations to provide coverage across central areas of the city.
Source: Smart Cities World
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Sigfox provides the network
Device chip costs $2 and connectivity $1 / year roughly
More suitable for wider coverage areas
LoRa provides chips that can be used to build the network
Base station chip costs $20, no need to pay for connectivity
Coverage depends on the private network coverage area
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Source: Ericsson
Mobility report, June
2014
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Provided a 4 year notice of 2G switch off
2.3 million customers still on 2G at time of switch off
San Francisco’s bus systems relied on 2G network to show the next bus times but they failed to upgrade their equipment by deadline so all timings were wrong.
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Won the deal to supply connectivity for the UK’s Smart Meter Implementation Programme in two of the project’s three regions.
The operator will provide service in the Central and Southern regions for the programme, which will see the deployment of 53 million connected gas and electricity meters across the UK by 2020.
The deal is valued at £1.5bn over a 15-year lifespan
O2 will use 2G (GSM & GPRS) to provide connectivity. They will also use RF mesh to reach premises with poor cellular connectivity
Source: Telecoms.com, Critical articles: Guardian, Nick Hunn
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Displays (size & resolution)
Processor Number of Radios in use simultaneously
Amount of data being transferred
GPS & Location services Data storage
IoT devices try and minimise all of the above to save power consumption
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Release-12
› MTC introduces ‘category 0’ UE to reduce device complexity
› Power Saving Mode (PSM) reduces power consumption when UE
does not need to send or receive data
Release-13
› Introduces new categories with complexity reduction and
coverage enhancements
› extended Discontinuous Reception (eDRX) optimizes battery life
for device-terminated applications
› network architecture and protocol enhancements for IoT are
introduced 84
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Source: LTE and 5G
Technologies Enabling
the Internet of Things -
5G Americas Report
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Source: Nick Hunn
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89 Source: Nokia
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Automated Vehicles (GNSS – GPS, GLONASS, etc.)
Location Based Services
Pay as you drive Insurance
Tracking of shipping containers
Weather and Pollution monitoring
eCall (in combination with cellular)
Communications with Aircrafts, Ships, etc. out of cellular range
Fleet management and control
Oil Platforms monitoring
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By 2023, there are estimated to be 5.8 million satellite M2M and IoT connections globally - NSR
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Source of Satellite presentations: techUK
Satellite Applications & Services
Conference
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Source: Lion
Tracking
Collars
Source: Illegal Amazonian logging traced by Cargo Tracck™ and Gemalto’s M2M modules
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Enguage offers an electronic system that notifies authorities when a fire extinguisher is blocked, missing from its designated location or when its pressure falls below safe operating levels. Alerts can be sent directly through an instant email, phone call or pager notification to proper agencies and supervisors.
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110 Source: TechHive
112 Source: https://findlapa.com/ Source: https://www.thetileapp.com/
113 Source: Libelium
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Sector Use Case Top Requirements
Industry High Volume (e.g. mining) Range, Coverage, Reliability, Cost
Agriculture Dynamic (e.g. animal tracking) Battery, Range, Coverage,
Reliability, Cost
Static (e.g. irrigation of fields) Battery, Range, Coverage,
Reliability, Cost
Utilities Powered (e. g. Electricity) Indoor, SLA, Reliability
Not Powered (e.g. Water/Gas) Indoor, SLA, Reliability
Logístics Management & Tracking (e.g.
Fleet)
Easy Install., Mobility, Coverage,
Cost
Basic Monitoring (e.g. shipment
conditions, warehouse)
Battery, Easy Install., Mobility,
Coverage, Cost
Smart Cities Dynamic Systems (e.g. Traffic
Management)
SLA, Coverage, Reliability
Basic Sensoring (e.g. air pollution) SLA, Coverage, Reliability
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Sector Use Case Top Requirements
Payments TPV Indoor, Interoperability, SLA,
Reliability
Fraud Detection Indoor, Interoperability, SLA,
Reliability
Wearables (incl. e-Health) Continuous Tracking (e.g.
Diabetes)
Indoor, Battery, Mobility, SLA,
Coverage, Reliability
Spot Tracking (e.g. steps tracking) Battery, Easy Install., Mobility
Security High Volume (e.g. video) Indoor, Throughput, Security, SLA,
Reliability
Low Volume (e.g. presence
detection)
Indoor, Security, SLA, Reliability
Connected Cars Integrated solution (e.g. traffic
management)
Easy Install., Mobility, Coverage,
Cost
Basic Monitoring (e.g. location) Easy Install., Mobility, Coverage,
Cost
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Sector Use Case Top Requirements
Buildings (incl. Home) Complex Solution (e.g. energy
management)
Indoor, Security, SLA, Reliability
Basic Solution (e.g. presence/ air
pollution)
Indoor, Security, SLA, Reliability
IoT Complex Systems Autonomous Car or Drones
Ecosystems
Battery, Security, Range, SLA,
Coverage, Reliability
Source: LTE and 5G Technologies Enabling the Internet of Things - 5G
Americas Report
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@TomRebbeck
@mulloom2
@mazlan_abbas
@JamesMonighan
@ioticlabs
@arkessa
@TechThings_IOT
@RWW
@NetOfEverything
@MachinaResearch
@VodafoneIoT
@TelefonicaIoT
@Inteliot
@DT_M2M
@Cisco_IoT
@WeightlessSIG
@LoRaAlliance
@sigfox
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Cisco VNI Whitepaper, Feb 2016
LTE and 5G Technologies Enabling the Internet of Things - 5G Americas Report, Dec 2016
Ericsson Mobility Report – June 2014, June 2015, Latest
CW - 'Radio Systems for Mission-Critical IoT Communications'
CW - 'Boring but lucrative, the real Internet of Things‘
CW - ‘IoT Security: Will the Internet of Things be Secure Enough to Run Your Life?’
CW - 'Don't panic about IoT Security, new technology will sort it out'
CW - 'Connected vehicles - the ultimate IoT sensor?‘
Postscapes – IoT examples
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