an introduction to angiosperms: the flowering seed plants
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An Introduction to Angiosperms: The Flowering Seed Plants. Biology 11. Seed Plants . Vascular. Angiosperms- Flowering Plants. Phylum Angiosperma The majority of plants alive today and the most diverse group. Characteristics. Vascular plants with stems, roots, leaves - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Biology 11
AN INTRODUCTION TO ANGIOSPERMS: THE FLOWERING SEED PLANTS
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Seed Plants
Vascular
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Angiosperms- Flowering Plants•Phylum Angiosperma
•The majority of plants alive today and the most diverse group
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Characteristics• Vascular plants with stems, roots, leaves • Dominant generation= sporophyte • Flower =specialized structure for sexual
reproduction • Pollen (dispersed by wind and insects) • Seeds are within the fruit
•Angiosperm means “vessel seed”
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Advantages for seeds being enclosed in fruits
1. Protection2. Seed dispersal •Fruits (and seeds) are eaten by other organisms or attach (barbs) to other organisms for dispersal
3. Fruit decomposes and becomes nutrients for growing plant
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Why are angiosperms more successful than gymnosperms in a land environment?•Angiosperm seeds are better protected•Angiosperms can go from seed to seed in less than one year as opposed to the years this may take in gymnosperms
•The xylem cells in angiosperms are more efficient than in gymnosperms
•Pollination is more successful • Can cross fertilize • Use insects to fertilize (more effective and direct)
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Grouping AngiospermsThere are many different ways to categorize angiosperms:
• Woody and herbaceous plants • Annuals (lives for a year), biennials (lives
for two years), perennials (lives longer than two years)
• Monocots and dicots
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Two subclasses: Monocots and Dicots•Named for the number of seed leaves (cotyledons) in the plant embryo
•Angiosperm with 1 cotyledon = monocot•Angiosperm with 2 cotyledons = dicot
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Angiosperm: Monocot• Seeds: • Embryo with single cotyledon
• Flowers:• Flower parts in multiples of three
• Leaves:• Linear; Major leaf veins are parallel
• Vascular System of Stem:• Stem vascular bundles scattered
• Vascular System of Roots:• Xylem and phloem alternate with one another in a circle
Examples:Grass, palms, bamboo, lilies, orchids
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Angiosperm: Dicot
• Seeds:• Embryo with two cotyledons
• Flowers:• Flower parts in multiples of four or five
• Leaves:• Broad; Major leaf veins are netlike
• Vascular System of Stem:• Stem vascular bundled in a ring
• Vascular System of Roots:• Xylem arranged in X in middle of root, phloem in between arms
of X
Examples:Woody plants, shrubs, trees (excluding conifers), cacti
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Angiosperms
REPRODUCTION
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•Angiosperm seeds are contained within protective wall that develops into a fruit
•Pollination brings pollen to the ovary which develops into a seed
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Structure of Flower
Petal
SepalAnther
Stigma
OvuleOvary
Stem (receptacle)
Style
Filament
(♀)
(♂)
Pistil
Stamen
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Sepals•Outermost circle of flower parts•Enclose flower bud before it opens and protects the flower while it develops
•Some flowers it is green, in others it’s the same colour as the petals
•All sepals together called the calyx
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Petals•Make up the second circle of flower parts
•Often brightly coloured•All petals together form the corolla
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Pistil•Female part of the flower (inner most)•Made of 3 parts:
1. Stigma2. Style3. ovary
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Stigma•Stigma- surface upon which pollen is deposited by wind or animals
•Often sticky
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Style•Stalk that connects the stigma and ovary
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Ovary•Contains the ovules which (when fertilized) becomes the seed
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Stamen•Male part of the flower•Made up of 2 parts:
1. Anther- makes and releases pollen2. Filament- holds up the anther
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Sexual Reproduction • Within the ovary you will find ovules. • The ovules contain a mother cell (2N).
Through meiosis will produce haploid megaspores (1N).
• Three of the four megaspores die.
• 1 remaining megaspore, through mitosis produces egg cell and two polar nuclei (found in central cell)
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Sexual Reproduction • Within anther are 4 pollen sacs• Mother cells undergo meiosis to produce
haploid microspores (N)• Microspore divide by mitosis to produce
pollen grains (produced in large numbers)
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Sexual Reproduction- Pollination
•Pollination- The transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma
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Wind-pollinated Plants
•Pollen grains fall and carried by wind
•Flowers are small and plain with little fragrance
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Bee-pollinated•Don’t see red•See yellow, blue, green and UV light best•Some flowers have UV markings only bees can see
•UV colors and patterns in petals announce the flower’s nectar and pollen
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Bird Pollination•Birds often pollinate red flowers
•Animal pollinators have coevolved with plants
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Hammer Orchid
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Fertilization•Once pollination has taken place a pollen tube will germinate on the stigma
•The pollen tube grows down the style and enters the tip of the ovule through the micropyle
•Male gametes move through pollen tube towards the egg cell
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Double Fertilization•One sperm cell fuses with egg (fertilization) and results in the formation of a diploid zygote
•A second sperm fuses with two polar nuclei which results in a triploid (3N) endosperm
•The endosperm provides nutrients (starch) and surrounds the developing embryo
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Fruits•After fertilization occurs the ovary walls develop into a fruit
•The fruit protects the seeds from desiccation and assists in their dispersal
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Types of Fruit
• Fleshy fruits (peach, cucumber, apples, tomato)• Dry fruit (hazelnut, peanuts, walnuts)• Accessory fruit- not from ovary (strawberry,
pineapple)
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Kopi Luwak
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Seed Dispersal
•Reduces competition for sunlight, soil, and water between parent and developing plant
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Germination•Occurs when an embryo in a seed develops
•Triggered by favourable conditions, absorption of water, and oxygen.
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•First part to emerge is the radicle• Becomes root
•The hypocotyl is the first part of the plant to push through soil
•The hypocotyl straightens out and the epicotyl will emerge• Plants first leaves emerge
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•Complete Flower Worksheet•Tomorrow: Flower (Dissection!) Lab•Thursday: Angiosperm Quiz•Thursday May 8 Plant Unit Test