an integrated remote sensing and gis ... (morena) abstract remote sensing and geographic information...
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KAAV INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTS,HUMANITIES
& SOCIAL SCIENCES
AN INTEGRATED REMOTE SENSING AND GIS
TECHNIQUES- A STUDY
RESEARCH SCHOLAR ANUBHAV
OPJS University, Churu Rajasthan
SUPERVISOR
Dr. Dhananjay Upadhyay
Principal, Maa Shanti Devi College Sabalgarh (Morena)
ABSTRACT
Remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) play a fundamental role in
hydrological applications. In this paper the most commonly used processing procedures
for remotely sensed data — in particular image processing techniques - and the
capabilities of GIS technologies are presented. The aim of this paper is to show the merit
of a combination of these tools of hydrological models. An important aspect herein is the
use of image processing systems, GIS, database management systems and hydrological
models in a integrated analysis system.
Keywords :- Image pre-processing, Remote Sensing & GIS (Geographical Information
Systems)
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INTRODUCTION
Climate change and growing population is the major drivers for modification of the land
resources and play a principal role in spatially and temporally changes in landuse
patterns. Apart from climate change anthropogenic activities such as deforestation,
overexploitation of natural resources, rapid urbanization, impact of pesticide and other
human influences have significantly changes in landuse categories. Climate change is the
major drivers for modification of the land resources and they are the main component of
spatially and temporally changes in landuse patterns. Apart from climate change
anthropogenic activities such as deforestation, overexploitation of natural resources, rapid
urbanization, impact of pesticide and other human influences have significantly changes
in landuse categories Therefore accurate estimation and monitoring of land cover changes
is important in global change research. Although, land cover has dramatically changed
over the last few centuries, until now there has been no consistent way of quantifying the
changes globally.
In ancient period urban settlements originated and then developed with considering
changes in social, political, religious and historical conditions. Specific settlements get
benefits from location, climate, relief, soil, and water supply etc. Some settlements have
the central place or nodal place and some settlements are located along the road sides.
These settlements naturally get the facilities like health, plenty water, suitable land for
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settlements and protectable relief from the surrounding area. The types of settlement
develop physical personality of the region and functional multiplicity. Hence, the initial
state smaller settlements slowly go through the various stages and evolved into town or
city. Burgess in 1923 has studied the growth of the city.
Rapid urban development and increasing land use changes due to increasing population
and economic growth is being witnessed in India and other developing countries. The
measurement and monitoring of these land use changes are crucial to understand land use
dynamics over different spatial and temporal scales. Today, with rapid urbanization, there
is increasing pressure on land particularly in the metropolitan cities. Urban sprawl may be
defined as the scattering of new development on isolated tract, separated from other areas
by vacant land (Ottensmann, 1977). The cities are expanding in all directions resulting in
large scale urban sprawl and changes in urban land use. The spatial pattern of such
changes is clearly noticed on the urban fringes or city peripheral rural areas, than in the
city centre. This has made the fringe area of the city to be the most dynamic landscape.
Remotely sensed data is the most important data source for environmental change study
over the past 40 years. Since large collections of remote sensing imagery have been
acquired in a time frame of successive years, it is now possible to study long-term spatio-
temporal pattern of environmental change and impacts of human activities.
In an urban environment natural and human-induced environmental changes are of
concern today because of deterioration of environment and human health (Jat et al. 2008)
. The study of land use/land cover (LU/LC) changes is very important to have proper
planning and utilization of natural resources and their management.
Traditional methods for gathering demographic data, censuses, and analysis of
environmental samples are not adequate for multicomplex environmental studies (Maktav
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et al 2005), since many problems often presented in environmental issues and great
complexity of handling the multidisciplinary data set; we require new technologies like
satellite remote sensing and Geographical Information Systems (GISs). These
technologies provide data to study and monitor the dynamics of natural resources for
environmental management (Berlanga et al 2002).
Urbanization is a process of villages to be developed into towns and further into cities
and so on. There is no universally accepted definition of urban settlement. Different
countries adopt different criteria for defining the urban settlement. Urban places are not
even similar in character. This can be distinguished on the basis of defined demographic
characteristic and available infrastructures. In India, criteria of urban centers are more or
less similar to the ones suggested by the United Nations.
In Census of India (1961) has defined urban centers as “Places having a minimum
population of 5000 with at least 75 percent of male workers being engaged in
nonagricultural activities and the density of population should be 400 persons per square
Kilometers”. According to Trewartha, the level of urbanization is defined as the
proportion of urban population to total population residing in urban places by shifting
population from village to city and the process of transformation of villages into city is
called urbanization. Urbanization is broadly defined as a growth of towns and increasing
ratio of urban to rural population of a country. The growth of a country’s towns and cities
is conditioned by the natural, economic and social progress. The concept of urbanization
as a set is related to the socio-economic process which implies a shift in focus from the
city as a cultural aspect to process that leads to the expansion of cities and generate and
diffusing element of urban life and culture.
THE TERM GIS COMPRISES THREE INTEGRATED PARTS.
· Geographic - Geographic of the world, the spatial reality, the geography
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· Information - Data and information, their meaning and use
· System - The computer technology and support infrastructure
Although GIS has three parts, information is its heart. Without "I" information "G" and
"S" are unrelated. Different people defined GIS, according to its capability and purpose
for which it is applied A very brief description of GIS is that it is a computerized system
(tool) that deals with spatial and non-spatial data in terms of collection, storage,
management, and retrieval at will, conversion, analysis, and modeling and display. GIS
accepts data from multiple sources which can be in a variety of formats. In other words
GIS is very flexible in the types and structure of
data. GIS is used by various disciplines as a tool for spatial data handling.
Depending on the interest of a particular application, a GIS can be considered to be a data
store, a tool, a technology, and information source or science. In India major
development has occurred in the last decade with significant contribution from
Department of Space, which emphasized the GIS application for National Resources
Management. Recently commercial organizations have realized importance of GIS for
diverse applications and many GIS based projects are in operation according to the
requirements of user organizations.
The modern technology of remote sensing which includes both aerial as well as satellite
based systems, allow us to collect lot of physical data rather easily, with speed and on
repetitive basis, and together with GIS helps us to analyze the data spatially, offering
possibilities of generating various options (modeling), thereby optimizing the whole
planning process. These information systems also offer interpretation of physical (spatial)
data with other socio-economic data, and thereby providing an important linkage in the
total planning process and making it more effective and meaningful. The satellite remote
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sensing and its ability to provide the accurate and reliable information to making map
measure and monitor the various facts of urban development. When Geographical
Information System, Remote Sensing and Global Positioning system coupled then it
becomes a very powerful tool for planning and making the maps.
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM:
A geographic information system (GIS) is a system designed to capture, store, manipulate,
analyze, manage, and present all types of spatial or geographical data. The acronym GIS is
sometimes used for geographical information science or geospatial information studies to refer to
the academic discipline or career of working with geographic information systems and is a large
domain within the broader academic discipline of Geo-informatics.
Fig: 1- Component of Geographic Information System
ROLE OF REMOTE SENSING AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM:
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The 19th century witnessed a trickle of urbanization and the emergence of metropolises. Control
the world’s urban development as crucial for future of humankind. This rapid and haphazard
growth of urban sprawl and increasing population pressure is resulting in loss of productive
agricultural land and loss of surface water bodies, green open spaces, besides causing air
pollution, health hazards and contamination of water.
Geographic Information System (GIS) is a powerful set of tool for collecting, storing, retrieving,
transforming and displaying spatial data from the real world. It has an ability to assimilate
divergent sources of data both spatial and non spatial. GIS allows the user to integrate database
generated from various sources on signal platform and analyze them in a spatiotemporal domain.
GIS provides support in resource management and decision making (Burrough, 1986).
ISSUES RELATED TO URBAN LAND USE CHANGE DYNAMICS
Urban change dynamic has been criticized for eliminating agricultural lands, spoiling
water quality, and causing air pollution (Allen et al 2003). As population increases, so
does the need for new housing, schools, and transportation networks. In the urban world
today, industrial, commercial, and residential districts are markedly different from years
past. Decentralization is a trend indicative of urban sprawl and present day industrial,
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commercial, and residential areas are no longer necessarily a part of the urban core
(Nechyba et al 2004).
Rather, these types of development are often found in low-density areas that are separated
from the major urban area by large tracts of homogeneous land. Hence, the needs for
larger transportation networks and in turn a greater dependency on automobiles, which
produce more air pollution. As new roads are put in place, precious farmland is often left
unprotected from commercial or residential developers (Hathout 2002). The greater the
imperviousness of an area the more water runoff one can expect, which is the catapult for
water pollution (Wilson et al 2003). Without regulations on urban growth, consequences
of urban sprawl are likely to continue.
REVIEW LITERATURE
In recent years, cities in the less developed parts of the world have experienced rapid
aerial expansion in the wake of phenomenal growth in population. Rural to urban
migration has played a significance role in urban growth in such countries areas. Large
towns and cities in the developing world are experiencing a constant high rate of growth
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in their populations and as a result, many of them are undergoing unplanned and
uncontrolled expansion of settlements at the densely populated sites or on the fringes
(Fazal, 2000:133).
All over the world, cities and towns are expanding through both natural increase and in-
migration of people from countryside. Urbanization occurs because people move from
rural areas (countryside) to urban areas (towns and cities). The pace of urbanisation is
more rapid when the economy of a country is in the developing stage. Many of the less
developed countries are going or passing through this stage. According to Population
Research Bureau (2005) it is expected that 60 percent of the world population will be
urban by 2030. It is expected that most of the urban growth in the world will occur in less
developed countries during the next decades. India is no exception to it, and rapid urban
growth and development have resulted in increase in the size of India’s urban population
from 79 million in 1961 to 285 million spread over 5161 urban agglomerations/towns in
2001 (Rahman et al., 2011:56). India’s urban population in absolute term is the second
largest in the world after China. Land use and land cover scenario in India has undergone
a radical change since the introduction of New Economic Policy in early 1990s and these
changes involve a series of complex interaction between biophysical and socioeconomic
variables (Roy and Giriraj, 2008:1346). In India number of million plus cities has
increased from 5 in 1951 to 23 in 1991 and to 35 in 2001.
According to Census of India 2001, about 37per cent of the total urban population lives in
these million plus cities. Urban growth has accelerated during the post-independence
period, and small towns and rural peripheries are progressively incorporated into a wider
and more complex urban system (Aguilar, 2008:133). From the point of view of urban
expansion the spatial context of land use and land cover changes in the urban fringe is
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important since it comprises a critical consideration for decision-making in urban land
use (Greenberg and Fog, 1995:490).
Aruna Saxena (2000) explains that the fringe zone has complex problems of adjustments
in between rural and urban ways of life. This led to serious land use problems, loss of
agricultural land, unauthorized urban sprawl, high land values, speculation in land and
related problems. For solving these problems, there is an urgent need of development of
an information system. The usefulness of Remote Sensing and GIS in such a situation has
been explained.
Pradhan and Perera (2006) studied Bangkok metropolitan region and discussed the
relationship between urbanization, industrialization and the continuous exploitation of
natural resources such as land and water resources for non-agricultural uses in the urban
fringe areas.
Schenk (1993) focusses on the rurban fringe around Bangalore city. It is suggested that
fringe may be approached from two directions and two perspectives. The first one reflects
the urban view of the immediate countryside whereby somewhere a zone of mixing exists
while the second one looks the other way round.
Tawade and Phadke (1996) make an attempt to study the urban impact of Bombay on
Vasai Tahsil. They identified that the growth of Bombay has caused pressures in rural
areas and it is more along the central railway than along the western railway. However,
there is spillover along the latter corridor. The process of conversion of land into non-
agricultural category is at present slow but would be encouraged with the release of
additional areas for urban development.
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Richard (1995) studied a large proportion of US cropland that produces high market
value agricultural products most of which is within close proximity to fast growing
metropolitan areas. Such land is converted to urban land uses within and adjacent to
metropolitan
areas rapidly.
Nigam (2000) evaluates the effectiveness of High-Resolution satellite data and computer
aided GIS techniques in assessing the land use change dynamics in the fringe areas of
Encschede City from 1993 to 1998. The methodology adopted involved the visual
interpretation of land use on acetate overlays according to land use classification.
Satellite images were used for the year 1993 and 1996 at the scale 1:25000. This land
use/land cover change analysis using remotely sensed has been applied to discover the
trend of development of the rural urban fringe of Enschede city.
Swaminathan (1984) tries to analyse the impact of a growing.metropolis on agricultural
land use in the Madurai region in Tamil Nadu.
Jothimani (1997) took three major metropolitan cities of Ahmedabad, Vadodara and
Surat in Gujarat to delineate major urban land use classes using topographical maps and
IRS-LISS II satellite data. He delimited the sprawling suburbs and identified the zones of
growth as well as the emerging suburban land uses such as developing
industrial/residential cluster and dynamism in rural fringe agricultural areas. These help
in identification of typical land use zones and their territorial extent.
Sudhira and Ramachandra (2003) focus on the urban sprawl pattern recognition and
explore the causal factors for urban sprawl of Udupi and Mangalore area. Survey of India
Toposheets, IRS satellite data and GIS are used for developing a model of sprawl in
urban environment.
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STUDY AREA:
Rohtak city is located at the meeting point of 28˚41'1'' North latitude and 76˚12'42'' East
longitude in the NCR region of Haryana on National Highway No. 10. Spread over
100.57 km2, it lies 70 kms north-west from Delhi and 240 kms south of Chandigarh
(Figure 1), the state capital.
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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND WORK PLAN
This study approached the use of a series of remote sensing data to prepare land use map
of the area and land use change map. The data required for the present research work are
listed below.
1. Census data of the area
2. Meteorological data of the area
3. Various other urban related information’s from different sources.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The area under Rohtak has undergone rapid urbanization and tremendous economic
growth during last few decades. Most of the economic development activities are focused
in and around Rohtak area. These changes have rapidly transformed area from a
subsistence agrarian economy into rapidly industrialized country. The growing
urbanization in the outer periphery of Rohtak area has created pressure for the changes in
the land use pattern. Main activity of the area is agriculture, which generates income for
the farmers. The area has been experienced sharp changes in the land use pattern during
recent years. Infrastructure development (e.g. road networks, electricity) has further
enhanced the land use change process in the area. It is important to study the driving
forces of land use changes to understand the change process.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
General objective of the study is to develop a methodological framework for a systematic
study of dynamic spatial changes to suggest the land use changeover of Rohtak from
2000-2010.
Specific objectives of this study are:
To identify the land use change dynamics over Rohtak Area;
To identify various utility services and their possibility within the area.
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To implement the utility and planning for future urban planning.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Availability of advance technology and multi-temporal data availability is the scientific
tool for assessment of urban land use change dynamics of any area particularly
assessment of impact of fast growing city on various landscape.
The main finding of this research work shall be utilized for assessment and monitoring of
landscape changes over the time and to find out the major causes and rate of urbanization
in the area. The results of this work can be utilized by decision and policy makers for
proper utilization of resources and for sustainable development of the area through the
use of latest available techniques of remote sensing and GIS.
DATA COLLECTION
Exhaustive literature survey of the topic of investigation will be undertaken. Published
literature, reports will be collected from various libraries, institutes; Govt. departments
etc. Besides, relevant literatures like reference books, bulletins, review etc. were obtained
through internet. This phase comprises of literature review for the understanding the
complexity of a dynamic phenomena of urban change and environmental impact within
the Rohtak City. Selection of appropriate satellite data for the research work. This phase
will be comprises of detail survey of the study area and its fringe areas in different
Seasons, GPS surveys, instrumental surveys, photographs, questionnaire survey etc.
PRE& POST PROCESSING AND IMAGE CLASSIFICATION
It includes the collection of different spatial data and their pre-processing such
gereferencing of various data sets, creation of AOI , digitization of various layers,
preparation of maps and selection suitable landuse classification scheme of the area.
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Various classifications will be applying for classification of landuse / land cover map
preparation of the area using multi-temporal satellite data and their accuracy assessment.
CRITICAL INTERPRETAION OF THE STUDY
Generally, two major processing groups may be distinguished: physically-based and
statistically-based methods, both in combination with image processing techniques. In
most hydrological applications, statistical methods and image processing have proved to
be most effective. These techniques do not ask for complex physical measurements
which can usually be carried out only for very small areas. Statistical methods are,
therefore, applicable over larger areas whereas physically-based methods are preferred in
basic research. Visual interpretations are still a meaningful technique for analysing
remote sensing data and may even be preferred to digital analysis techniques in certain
situations (e.g. in field campaigns in remote regions or in projects where no or only
limited computer equipment is available). The most common applications of remote
sensing data in hydrology are related to the investigation of cloud cover, impervious
surfaces, floods, land use, radiation, rainfall, snow cover, soil moisture and surface
temperature to name a few important applications for monitoring and forecasting. Some
of these applications are presented here. Additional examples may be found in Engman &
Gurney and Haefner & Pampaloni which give an overview of the variety of remote
sensing applications in hydrology. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) — in addition
to remote sensing - have contributed significantly to applied hydrology in state and
government monitoring and forecasting projects. GIS technology can provide resource
managers and decision makers with tools for effective and efficient storage and
manipulation of remotely sensed information and other spatial and non-spatial
information . Remotely sensed data, effectively integrated within a GIS, can be used to
facilitate measurements, mapping, monitoring and modelling activities. Designing and
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building a GIS database may be an expensive enterprise since it includes the import and
entry of data from many different sources (this means that very often data have to be
digitized from source documents). Data themes can range from hydrological (e.g. runoff)
and climatological (e.g. temperature, precipitation) to data from both point and areal
measurements.
CONCLUSION
Remote sensing and GIS technologies are well established tools and are routinely used in
applied hydrology. In conventional applications, either results from remote sensing or
from GIS analyses serve as input into hydrological models. During the last few years,
research has focused on the question of how to integrate both technologies with
hydrological models in integrated analysis systems. Remote sensing is presently in
transition from a descriptive phase to a quantitative technology. Measurements may be
carried out from the ground (field measurements) but the advantages of remote sensing
applications in hydrology as a source of spatial information (in opposition to point
measurements) becomes more obvious if sensors on air- or spaceborne platforms are
used. The sensors measure the spectral characteristics of interest and their variations in
time over large areas, providing data input into various hydrological models.
Additionally, remote sensing data represent an important input Open for discussion until
1 February 1997 594 M. F. Baumgartner & G. M. Apfl into algorithms which allow the
derivation of hydrological parameters. Remote sensing - especially using spaceborne
sensors - offers the advantage of long term (years to decades) temporal and spectral data
sets over relatively large regions (local to global scale) and, therefore, of monitoring the
(temporal, spectral and spatial) variations of objects at the Earth's surface.
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