An Integrated English An Integrated English CourseCourse

Book OneBook One

Unit EightUnit Eight

Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

By the end of this unit, you are supposBy the end of this unit, you are supposed toed to

understand the main idea, structure of tunderstand the main idea, structure of the text and the author’s writing style he text and the author’s writing style

master the key language points and gramaster the key language points and grammatical structures in the textmmatical structures in the text

know how to be an educated manknow how to be an educated man

Teaching ProcedureTeaching Procedure

Pre-reading QuestionsPre-reading Questions

Text I. Five Traits of the Educated ManText I. Five Traits of the Educated Man

● ● PassagePassage

● ● Structure analysisStructure analysis

● ● Main idea of the passageMain idea of the passage

● ● Language pointsLanguage points

● ● sentence studiessentence studies

● ● vocabulary studiesvocabulary studies

Text II. When Does Education Stop?Text II. When Does Education Stop?

Pre-readingPre-reading What are the generally accepted What are the generally accepted

standards of an educated man?standards of an educated man?We don’t think there exist invariable standards We don’t think there exist invariable standards

in judgment. The standards for an educated in judgment. The standards for an educated man are of no exception. According to ancient man are of no exception. According to ancient Confusion doctrines, they include devotion to Confusion doctrines, they include devotion to parents, family and friends; cultivation of the parents, family and friends; cultivation of the mind, self-control; and justice and loyalty to mind, self-control; and justice and loyalty to society, etc. But nowadays, there are more society, etc. But nowadays, there are more elements supplemented like a substantial elements supplemented like a substantial amount of knowledge, self-confidence and self-amount of knowledge, self-confidence and self-esteem confronting challenges, responsibility esteem confronting challenges, responsibility to a civilized modern society and so on. to a civilized modern society and so on.

Text I. Five Traits of the Educated Text I. Five Traits of the Educated ManMan

A question often asked is: “What are the marks of A question often asked is: “What are the marks of an educated man?” it is plain that one may gain an educated man?” it is plain that one may gain no no inconsiderableinconsiderable body body of learning in some of learning in some special field of knowledge without at the same special field of knowledge without at the same time acquiring those habits and time acquiring those habits and traitstraits which which are the marks of an educated gentleman. A are the marks of an educated gentleman. A reasonable amount of learning must of course reasonable amount of learning must of course accompany an education, but, accompany an education, but, after allafter all, that , that amount need not be so very great in any one amount need not be so very great in any one field. An education will make its mark and find field. An education will make its mark and find its evidences in certain traits, characteristics, its evidences in certain traits, characteristics, and and capacitiescapacities which have to be acquired by which have to be acquired by patient patient endeavorendeavor, by following good examples, , by following good examples, and by receiving wise and by receiving wise disciplinediscipline and sound and sound instructions.instructions.

These traits or characteristics may be variously described and These traits or characteristics may be variously described and classified, but among them are five that should always stand out classified, but among them are five that should always stand out clearly enough to be seen by all men. The first of these is clearly enough to be seen by all men. The first of these is correctness and precision in the use of the correctness and precision in the use of the mother tonguemother tongue. The . The quite shocking quite shocking slovenlinessslovenliness and and vulgarityvulgarity of much of the spoken English of much of the spoken English , as well as not a little of the , as well as not a little of the written English, which one hears and sees, proves beyond written English, which one hears and sees, proves beyond peradventureperadventure that years of attendance upon schools and that years of attendance upon schools and colleges that are thought to be respectable have produced no colleges that are thought to be respectable have produced no impression. When one hears English well spoken, with pure impression. When one hears English well spoken, with pure dictiondiction, correct pronunciation, and an almost , correct pronunciation, and an almost unconsciousunconscious choice of the right word, he recognizes it at once. How much choice of the right word, he recognizes it at once. How much easier he finds it to imitate English of the other sort!easier he finds it to imitate English of the other sort!

A second and indispensable trait of the educated man is A second and indispensable trait of the educated man is refinedrefined and gentle manners, which are themselves the expression of and gentle manners, which are themselves the expression of fixed habits of thought and action. “Manners make the man,” fixed habits of thought and action. “Manners make the man,” wrote wrote Wykeham WilliamWykeham William over his gates at Winchester and at over his gates at Winchester and at Oxford. He pointed to a great truth. When manners are Oxford. He pointed to a great truth. When manners are superficialsuperficial, artificial, and forced, no matter what their form, , artificial, and forced, no matter what their form, they are bad manners. When, however, they are the natural they are bad manners. When, however, they are the natural expression of fixed habits of thought and action, and when they expression of fixed habits of thought and action, and when they reveal a refined and reveal a refined and cultivatedcultivated nature, they are good manners. nature, they are good manners. There are certain things that gentlemen do not do, and they do There are certain things that gentlemen do not do, and they do not do them simple because they are bad manners. The not do them simple because they are bad manners. The gentleman gentleman instinctivelyinstinctively knows the difference between those knows the difference between those things which he may and should do and those things which he things which he may and should do and those things which he may not and should not do.may not and should not do.

A third trait of the educated man is the power and habit of A third trait of the educated man is the power and habit of reflectionreflection. . Human beings for the most part live wholly Human beings for the most part live wholly on the surface or far beyond the present moment and on the surface or far beyond the present moment and that part of the future which is quickly to follow itthat part of the future which is quickly to follow it. They . They do not read those works of prose and poetry which have do not read those works of prose and poetry which have become classic because they reveal power and habit of become classic because they reveal power and habit of reflection and reflection and induceinduce that power and habit in others. that power and habit in others. When one reflects long enough to ask the question When one reflects long enough to ask the question how? He is on the way to knowing something about how? He is on the way to knowing something about science. When he reflects long enough to ask the science. When he reflects long enough to ask the question why? He may, if he persists, even become a question why? He may, if he persists, even become a philosopherphilosopher..

A fourth trait of the educated man is the power of growth. A fourth trait of the educated man is the power of growth. He continues to grow and develop from birth to his He continues to grow and develop from birth to his dying day. He interests expand, his contacts dying day. He interests expand, his contacts multiplymultiply, , his knowledge increases, and his reflection becomes his knowledge increases, and his reflection becomes deeper and wider. It would appear to be true that not deeper and wider. It would appear to be true that not many human beings, and even not many of those who many human beings, and even not many of those who have had a college education, continue to grow after have had a college education, continue to grow after they are twenty-four or twenty-five years of age. By that they are twenty-four or twenty-five years of age. By that time it is usual to time it is usual to settle down to lifesettle down to life on a level of more on a level of more or less contented intellectual interest and activity. The or less contented intellectual interest and activity. The whole present day movement for adult education is a whole present day movement for adult education is a systematic and definite attempt to keep human beings systematic and definite attempt to keep human beings growing long after they have left school and college, growing long after they have left school and college, and therefore, to help educate them.and therefore, to help educate them.

A fifth trait of the educated man is his possession of A fifth trait of the educated man is his possession of efficiency, or the power to do. The mere efficiency, or the power to do. The mere visionaryvisionary dreamerdreamer, however charming or however wise, lacks , however charming or however wise, lacks something which an education requires. The power to something which an education requires. The power to do may be exercised in any one of a thousand ways, but do may be exercised in any one of a thousand ways, but when it clearly shows itself, that is evidence that the when it clearly shows itself, that is evidence that the period of study, of discipline, and of companionship with period of study, of discipline, and of companionship with parents and teachers has not been parents and teachers has not been in vainin vain..

Given these five characteristics, one has the outline of an Given these five characteristics, one has the outline of an educated man. That outline may be filled in by educated man. That outline may be filled in by scholarship, by literary power, by mechanical skills, by scholarship, by literary power, by mechanical skills, by professional professional zealzeal and capacity, by business and capacity, by business competencecompetence, , or by social and political leadership. or by social and political leadership. So long as the So long as the framework or outline is there, the content may be pretty framework or outline is there, the content may be pretty much what you willmuch what you will, assuming, of course, that the , assuming, of course, that the fundamental elements of the great tradition which is fundamental elements of the great tradition which is civilization, and its outstanding records and civilization, and its outstanding records and achievements in human personality, in letters, in achievements in human personality, in letters, in science, in the fine arts, and in human institutions, are science, in the fine arts, and in human institutions, are at present.at present.

Structural analysisStructural analysisThis text is composed of three parts.This text is composed of three parts.

Part I (paragraph 1)Part I (paragraph 1)As an introduction which raises the As an introduction which raises the

question directly related to the topic of question directly related to the topic of the essay—the relationship between the essay—the relationship between learning and the marks of an educated learning and the marks of an educated man; that between learning and man; that between learning and education; and that between education as education; and that between education as well as certain traits and capacities which well as certain traits and capacities which have to be gained by conscious efforts.have to be gained by conscious efforts.

Part II (paragraphs 2-6)Part II (paragraphs 2-6)This is the body of the text, which This is the body of the text, which

presents a brief account of the five presents a brief account of the five key traits of an educated mankey traits of an educated man

Part III (paragraph 7)Part III (paragraph 7)This is the conclusion in which the This is the conclusion in which the

writer stresses that given these five writer stresses that given these five traits, one possesses the outline or traits, one possesses the outline or framework of an educated man, and framework of an educated man, and that the outline may be filled in by that the outline may be filled in by whatever knowledge, ability, or skill whatever knowledge, ability, or skill that one is in possession of.that one is in possession of.

Main idea of the textMain idea of the text

This text is an expositive essay mainly coThis text is an expositive essay mainly concerned with the following five traits oncerned with the following five traits of an educated man:f an educated man:

Correctness and precision in the use of tCorrectness and precision in the use of the mother tongue; he mother tongue;

refined and gentle manners; refined and gentle manners; the power and habit of reflection; the power and habit of reflection; the power of growth; the power of growth; possession of efficiency.possession of efficiency.

Text II. When does Education Stop?Text II. When does Education Stop?James MichenerJames Michener

During the summer vacation a fine-looking young man, who was During the summer vacation a fine-looking young man, who was majoring inmajoring in literature at a top university, asked for an literature at a top university, asked for an interview, and before we had talked for five minutes, he interview, and before we had talked for five minutes, he launched into his complaint.launched into his complaint.

““Can you imagine?” he lamented. “During vacation I have to write Can you imagine?” he lamented. “During vacation I have to write a three-thousand-word term paper about your books.” He felt a three-thousand-word term paper about your books.” He felt very sorry for himself.very sorry for himself.

His whimpering irritated me, and His whimpering irritated me, and on the spur of the moment I on the spur of the moment I shoved at him a cardshoved at him a card which had become famous in World War which had become famous in World War II. It was once used on me. It read: II. It was once used on me. It read:

Young man, your sad story is trulyYoung man, your sad story is trulyHeartbreaking.Heartbreaking.

Excuse me while I fetch a crying towel. Excuse me while I fetch a crying towel. My complaining visitor reacted as I had done twenty years earlier, My complaining visitor reacted as I had done twenty years earlier,

he burst into laughter and asked, “Did I sound that bad?”he burst into laughter and asked, “Did I sound that bad?”““Worse!” I snapped. Then I pointed to a novel of mine which he Worse!” I snapped. Then I pointed to a novel of mine which he

was using as the basis for his term paper. “You’re was using as the basis for his term paper. “You’re bellyachingbellyaching about a three-thousand-word paper which at most will occupy about a three-thousand-word paper which at most will occupy you for a month, when I started work onyou for a month, when I started work on HawaiiHawaii,, I faced the I faced the prospect of three-million-word term paper. And five years of prospect of three-million-word term paper. And five years of work. Frankly, you sound silly.work. Frankly, you sound silly. ””

This strong language encouraged an excellent discussion of the This strong language encouraged an excellent discussion of the preparation it takes to write a major novel. Five years of preparation it takes to write a major novel. Five years of research, months of character development, extensive work on research, months of character development, extensive work on plot and setting, endless speculation on psychology plot and setting, endless speculation on psychology concentrated work on historical backgrounds. concentrated work on historical backgrounds.

““When I was finally ready to write,” I replied under questioning, When I was finally ready to write,” I replied under questioning, “I holed up in a bare-wall, no telephone “I holed up in a bare-wall, no telephone WaikikiWaikiki room and room and stuck at my typewriter every morning for eight months, seven stuck at my typewriter every morning for eight months, seven days a week Idays a week I wrestled wrestled with the words that would not come, with the words that would not come, with ideas that refused to jell. When I broke a tooth, I told the with ideas that refused to jell. When I broke a tooth, I told the dentist I’d have to see him at night. When Dewitt Wallace, the dentist I’d have to see him at night. When Dewitt Wallace, the editor of the editor of the Reader’s DigestReader’s Digest and a man to whom and a man to whom I am much I am much indebtedindebted, came to Hawaii on vacation, I wanted to hike with , came to Hawaii on vacation, I wanted to hike with him but had to say, ‘In the late afternoon. In the morning I him but had to say, ‘In the late afternoon. In the morning I work.’”work.’”

I explained to my caller that I write all my books slowly, with two I explained to my caller that I write all my books slowly, with two fingers on an old typewriter, and the actual task of getting the fingers on an old typewriter, and the actual task of getting the words on paper is difficult. Nothing I write is good enough to words on paper is difficult. Nothing I write is good enough to be used in first draft, not even important personal letters, so I be used in first draft, not even important personal letters, so I am required to rewrite everything at least twice. Important am required to rewrite everything at least twice. Important work, like a novel, must be written over and over again, up to work, like a novel, must be written over and over again, up to six or seven times. For example, six or seven times. For example, HawaiiHawaii went very slowly and went very slowly and needed constant revision. Since the final version contained needed constant revision. Since the final version contained about 500,000 words, and since I wrote it all many times, I about 500,000 words, and since I wrote it all many times, I had to type in my painstaking fashion about 3,000,000 words.had to type in my painstaking fashion about 3,000,000 words.

At this news, my visitor whistled and asked, “How many At this news, my visitor whistled and asked, “How many research books did you have to consult?”research books did you have to consult?”

““Several thousand. When I started the actual writing, there Several thousand. When I started the actual writing, there were about five hundred that I kept in my office.”were about five hundred that I kept in my office.”

““How many personal interviews?”How many personal interviews?”““About two hundred. Each two or three hours long.”About two hundred. Each two or three hours long.”““Did you write much that you weren’t able to use?”Did you write much that you weren’t able to use?”““I had to throw away about half a million words.”I had to throw away about half a million words.”The young scholar looked again at the card and returned it The young scholar looked again at the card and returned it

reverently to my desk. “ Would you have the energy to reverently to my desk. “ Would you have the energy to undertake such a task again?” he asked.undertake such a task again?” he asked.

““I would always like to be engaged in such tasks ,” I replied, I would always like to be engaged in such tasks ,” I replied, and he turned to other questions.and he turned to other questions.

Young people, especially those in college who should know Young people, especially those in college who should know better, frequently fail to realize that men and women who better, frequently fail to realize that men and women who wish to accomplish anything must apply themselves to wish to accomplish anything must apply themselves to tasks of tremendous tasks of tremendous magnitudemagnitude. A few vaccine may take . A few vaccine may take years to perfect. A Broadway play is never written, cast years to perfect. A Broadway play is never written, cast and produced in a week. A foreign policy is never evolved and produced in a week. A foreign policy is never evolved in a brief time by diplomats relaxing in Washington, in a brief time by diplomats relaxing in Washington, London or Geneva.London or Geneva.

The good work of the world is accomplished principally by people The good work of the world is accomplished principally by people who dedicate themselves unstintingly to the big job at hand. who dedicate themselves unstintingly to the big job at hand. Weeks, months, years pass, but the good workman knows that he Weeks, months, years pass, but the good workman knows that he is is gambling ongambling on an ultimate achievement which cannot be an ultimate achievement which cannot be measured in time spent. Responsible men and women leap to the measured in time spent. Responsible men and women leap to the challenge of jobs that require enormous dedication and years to challenge of jobs that require enormous dedication and years to fulfill, and are happiest when they are so involved.fulfill, and are happiest when they are so involved.

This means that men and women who hope to make a real This means that men and women who hope to make a real contribution to American life must prepare themselves to tackle contribution to American life must prepare themselves to tackle big jobs, and the interesting fact is that no college or university big jobs, and the interesting fact is that no college or university in the world can give anyone the specific education he will in the world can give anyone the specific education he will ultimately need. Adults who are unwilling to reeducate ultimately need. Adults who are unwilling to reeducate themselves periodically are doomed to themselves periodically are doomed to mediocritymediocrity..

I first discovered this fact on I first discovered this fact on GuadalcanalGuadalcanal in 1945, when the war in 1945, when the war had passed us by and we could see certain victory ahead. had passed us by and we could see certain victory ahead. Relieved of pressure, our top admirals and generals could have Relieved of pressure, our top admirals and generals could have been excused if they loafed, but the ones I knew well in those been excused if they loafed, but the ones I knew well in those days free time and gave themselves orderly courses in new days free time and gave themselves orderly courses in new fields. One carrier admiral studied everything he could get on fields. One carrier admiral studied everything he could get on tank warfare. The head of our outfit, William Lowndes Calhoun, tank warfare. The head of our outfit, William Lowndes Calhoun, spent six hours a day learning French.spent six hours a day learning French.

I asked him about this. “Admiral, what’s this big deal with French?”I asked him about this. “Admiral, what’s this big deal with French?”““How do I know where I’ll be sent when the war’s over?” he How do I know where I’ll be sent when the war’s over?” he

countered.countered.

But what impressed me most was the next tier of officers, the younBut what impressed me most was the next tier of officers, the young Army colonels and the Navy commanders. They divided sharpg Army colonels and the Navy commanders. They divided sharply into two groups: those who spent their spare time learning soly into two groups: those who spent their spare time learning something and those who didn’t. in the years that followed, I notmething and those who didn’t. in the years that followed, I noticed in the newspapers that whenever iced in the newspapers that whenever President TrumanPresident Truman or or PrePresident Eisenhowersident Eisenhower chose men for military positions of great po chose men for military positions of great power, they always picked from the officers who had reeducated twer, they always picked from the officers who had reeducated themselves.hemselves.

More significant to me personally was my stay with the brilliant doMore significant to me personally was my stay with the brilliant doctors of an Army hospital in the jungles of ctors of an Army hospital in the jungles of Espiritu SantoEspiritu Santo. The e. The entire staff of a general hospital in ntire staff of a general hospital in DenverDenver, , ColoradoColorado, had been p, had been picked up and flown out to care for our wounded, and they expericked up and flown out to care for our wounded, and they experienced days of overwork followed by weeks of tedium. In the latienced days of overwork followed by weeks of tedium. In the latter periods the doctors organized voluntary study groups by whiter periods the doctors organized voluntary study groups by which to further their professional competence.ch to further their professional competence.

By good luck, I was allowed to participate in a group that was analBy good luck, I was allowed to participate in a group that was analyzing alcoholism, and one night the leader asked me, as we weryzing alcoholism, and one night the leader asked me, as we were breaking up, “What are you studying, Michener?” the questie breaking up, “What are you studying, Michener?” the question stunned me, for I had been studying exactly nothing.on stunned me, for I had been studying exactly nothing.

I drove back through the jungle and that very night started workinI drove back through the jungle and that very night started working on something that I had been g on something that I had been toying withtoying with for some months. In for some months. In a lantern-lit, mosquito-filled tin shack, I started writing a lantern-lit, mosquito-filled tin shack, I started writing Tales of Tales of the South Pacificthe South Pacific..

I have been the typical American I have been the typical American in thatin that I have had widely scattered I have had widely scattered jobs: teacher, businessman, soldier, traveler, writer. And my jobs: teacher, businessman, soldier, traveler, writer. And my college education gave me no specific preparation for any of these college education gave me no specific preparation for any of these jobs.jobs.

But it gave me something much better. I attended Swarthmore But it gave me something much better. I attended Swarthmore College, outside College, outside PhiladelphiaPhiladelphia, and by fantastic luck, I got there , and by fantastic luck, I got there just as the college was launching an experiment which was to just as the college was launching an experiment which was to transform the institution and those of us who participated. At the transform the institution and those of us who participated. At the end of my sophomore year the faculty assembled a group of us and end of my sophomore year the faculty assembled a group of us and said, “Life does not consist of taking courses in a small segment. A said, “Life does not consist of taking courses in a small segment. A productive life consists of finding huge tasks and mastering them productive life consists of finding huge tasks and mastering them with whatever tools of intelligence and energy we have. We are with whatever tools of intelligence and energy we have. We are going to going to turn you loose on some huge tasksturn you loose on some huge tasks. Let’s see what you . Let’s see what you can do with them. ”can do with them. ”

Accordingly, we were excused from all future class attendance and Accordingly, we were excused from all future class attendance and were told, “Pick out three fields that interest you.” I chose logic, were told, “Pick out three fields that interest you.” I chose logic, English history and the novel. The faculty said, “For the next two English history and the novel. The faculty said, “For the next two years go to the library and learn what you can about your fields. At years go to the library and learn what you can about your fields. At the end of two years we’ll bring in some outside experts from the end of two years we’ll bring in some outside experts from Harvard and YaleHarvard and Yale, whom you’ve never seen, and they will , whom you’ve never seen, and they will determine whether or not you have educated yourselves.”determine whether or not you have educated yourselves.”

What followed was an experience in intellectual grandeur. The What followed was an experience in intellectual grandeur. The Swarthmore professors, realizing that when I was tested they Swarthmore professors, realizing that when I was tested they would be tested too, helped me to gain as thorough an education would be tested too, helped me to gain as thorough an education as a young man could absorb. For it was in their interest to see as a young man could absorb. For it was in their interest to see that I understood the fine points of the fields I had chosen. that I understood the fine points of the fields I had chosen.

When the two years ended, the visiting experts arrived and for When the two years ended, the visiting experts arrived and for a week they probed and tested and heckled. At the end of a week they probed and tested and heckled. At the end of this exciting time one of the examiners told me, “You have this exciting time one of the examiners told me, “You have the beginning of a real education.”the beginning of a real education.”

He was right. Nothing that I studied in college has been of use He was right. Nothing that I studied in college has been of use to me in my various jobs. But what I did learn was how to to me in my various jobs. But what I did learn was how to learn, how to organize, hot to write term papers. If my learn, how to organize, hot to write term papers. If my education had ended the week I stood before those strange education had ended the week I stood before those strange examiners, I would have proved a fairly useless citizen…examiners, I would have proved a fairly useless citizen…

While I was reflecting on these matters, my young scholar While I was reflecting on these matters, my young scholar asked, “If you were a young man today and wanted to be a asked, “If you were a young man today and wanted to be a writer, what kind of education would you seek?”writer, what kind of education would you seek?”

I replied, “I’d choose some very difficult field and try to master I replied, “I’d choose some very difficult field and try to master it. I’d seek out professors who really it. I’d seek out professors who really poured it onpoured it on. Long . Long term papers and many of them, tough laboratory work.”term papers and many of them, tough laboratory work.”

““Why?” he pressed.Why?” he pressed.““Because we learn only those things at which we have to work Because we learn only those things at which we have to work

very hard. It’s ridiculous to give a bright fellow like you a very hard. It’s ridiculous to give a bright fellow like you a three-thousand-word term paper. It ought to be fifteen three-thousand-word term paper. It ought to be fifteen thousand words- or thirty. Tackle a real job. Then, when thousand words- or thirty. Tackle a real job. Then, when you’re through, you’re on the way to facing big jobs in adult you’re through, you’re on the way to facing big jobs in adult life.”life.”

We parted on that note, but when he had gone, I We parted on that note, but when he had gone, I realized that I had not made my statement nearly realized that I had not made my statement nearly strong enough. I should have said, “The world is strong enough. I should have said, “The world is positively hungry for young men who have positively hungry for young men who have dedicated themselves to big jobs. If your present dedicated themselves to big jobs. If your present professors aren’t training you for such work, quit professors aren’t training you for such work, quit them and find others who will drive you. If your them and find others who will drive you. If your present college isn’t making you work to the limit present college isn’t making you work to the limit of your ability, drop out and go to another that will. of your ability, drop out and go to another that will. Because if you don’t discipline your brain now, Because if you don’t discipline your brain now, you’ll never be prepared for the years when it’s a you’ll never be prepared for the years when it’s a question of work or perish.”question of work or perish.”

Parents or professors who do not encourage their Parents or professors who do not encourage their young to tackle big jobs commit a moral crime young to tackle big jobs commit a moral crime against those young people. For we know that against those young people. For we know that when the young are properly challenged, they will when the young are properly challenged, they will rise to the occasion and they will prepare rise to the occasion and they will prepare themselves for the great work that remains to be themselves for the great work that remains to be done.done.

Words and expression for Text IWords and expression for Text ITrait n. Trait n. A particular quality in sb.’s characterA particular quality in sb.’s characterInconsiderable aInconsiderable a. very small. very smallBody n.Body n. a large amount or collection of sth. a large amount or collection of sth.After allAfter all in spite of everything in spite of everythingCapacity n.Capacity n. sb.’s ability to do sth. sb.’s ability to do sth.Endeavor n.Endeavor n. an attempt or effort, especially to do sth. an attempt or effort, especially to do sth.

new or difficultnew or difficultDiscipline n.Discipline n. the practice of making people obey rules the practice of making people obey rules

and orders, or the controlled situation that results frand orders, or the controlled situation that results from this practiceom this practice

Slovenliness n.Slovenliness n. the state or quality of being not concer the state or quality of being not concerned about conventional standards of personal hygiened about conventional standards of personal hygiene and tidinessne and tidiness

Vulgarity n.Vulgarity n. the state or quality of being impolite and s the state or quality of being impolite and showing bad mannershowing bad manners

Peradventure n.Peradventure n. doubt doubtDiction n.Diction n. the way in which sb. Pronounces words the way in which sb. Pronounces words

Unconscious a.Unconscious a. not knowing about sth. not knowing about sth.Refined a.Refined a. showing, or intending to show education, delic showing, or intending to show education, delic

acy of feeling , and gentleness of mannersacy of feeling , and gentleness of mannersCultivated a.Cultivated a. showing good education, manners, etc. showing good education, manners, etc.Superficial a.Superficial a. on the surface on the surfaceInstinctively ad.Instinctively ad. Based on a natural ability to act in a certai Based on a natural ability to act in a certai

n way, without having to learn or think about itn way, without having to learn or think about itReflection n.Reflection n. deep and careful thought deep and careful thoughtInduce v.Induce v. make sb. decide to do sth., esp. sth. that seems u make sb. decide to do sth., esp. sth. that seems u

nwisenwisePhilosopher n.Philosopher n. sb. who studies and develops ideas about t sb. who studies and develops ideas about t

he nature and meaning of existence, reality, knowledge, he nature and meaning of existence, reality, knowledge, goodness, etc.goodness, etc.

Multiple v.Multiple v. (cause to) increase greatly or make sth. increas (cause to) increase greatly or make sth. increase greatlye greatly

Visionary a.Visionary a. existing only in sb.’s mind and unlikely to ev existing only in sb.’s mind and unlikely to ever exist in the real worlder exist in the real world

In vainIn vain useless; without a successful result useless; without a successful resultZeal n.Zeal n. eagerness to do sth. eagerness to do sth.Competence n.Competence n. the ability and skill to do what is needed the ability and skill to do what is needed

not inconsiderable not inconsiderable fairly large or important. The word fairly large or important. The word

inconsiderableinconsiderable is often used with is often used with notnotAfter allAfter all1.1. In spite if what was said or contrary to In spite if what was said or contrary to

what was expectedwhat was expected2.2. In the meaning of “we mustn’t forget In the meaning of “we mustn’t forget

that.” with the meaning, that.” with the meaning, after allafter all is used is used to introduce an important argument, or to introduce an important argument, or a good reason.a good reason.

Mother tongueMother tongueA first language which is acquired at homeA first language which is acquired at homeSlovenliness and vulgarity… EnglishSlovenliness and vulgarity… English Foul, blunt, tasteless, and even Foul, blunt, tasteless, and even

ungrammatical language found in much ungrammatical language found in much of oral Englishof oral English

Wykeham WilliamWykeham WilliamBorn in 1324, died in 1404, English prelate Born in 1324, died in 1404, English prelate

and statesman. In 1367, he was consecraand statesman. In 1367, he was consecrated bishop of Winchester and in the samted bishop of Winchester and in the same year was made lord chancellor of Engle year was made lord chancellor of England. He devoted a large part of his persoand. He devoted a large part of his personal fortune to the relief of poor English snal fortune to the relief of poor English scholars. To that end, he founded and encholars. To that end, he founded and endowed New College of the University of dowed New College of the University of Oxford in 1379 and the affiliated preparaOxford in 1379 and the affiliated preparatory school, Saint Mary’s College of Witory school, Saint Mary’s College of Winchester, in 138. Wykeham has been calnchester, in 138. Wykeham has been called the father of the English public scholed the father of the English public school system.ol system.

Human beings…which is quickly to follow it.Human beings…which is quickly to follow it.

Most people generally think about the present Most people generally think about the present or about things that will happen in the near or about things that will happen in the near future.future.

Settle down to lifeSettle down to life

Begin to live a stable and orderly life in a Begin to live a stable and orderly life in a conventional mannerconventional manner

Visionary dreamer Visionary dreamer

A person who tends by nature to be dreamy or A person who tends by nature to be dreamy or to have impractical schemes and ideas.to have impractical schemes and ideas.

So long as the framework… what you will.So long as the framework… what you will.

So long as the five characteristics are there, So long as the five characteristics are there, what fills the outline of an educated man is up what fills the outline of an educated man is up to you.to you.

Notes for Text IINotes for Text IIJames MichenerJames Michener (1907-1997) is an American writer who u (1907-1997) is an American writer who u

s is famous throughout the world as the author of such s is famous throughout the world as the author of such best-selling novels as best-selling novels as HawaiiHawaii (1959), (1959), Centennial Centennial (1974), (1974), and and SpaceSpace(1983).(1983).

Major inMajor in Study sth. as one’s main subject at cooege or universityStudy sth. as one’s main subject at cooege or universityDo sth. on the spur of the moment Do sth. on the spur of the moment Do sth. suddenly without thinking about it before doing iDo sth. suddenly without thinking about it before doing i

ttBellyache Bellyache Complain a lot, esp. about sth. unimportantComplain a lot, esp. about sth. unimportantHawaiiHawaiiA long novel by James Michener, published in 1959A long novel by James Michener, published in 1959Waikiki Waikiki A famous beach and resort area in Honolulu, HawaiiA famous beach and resort area in Honolulu, HawaiiWrestle Wrestle Try to deal with or find a solution to a difficult problemTry to deal with or find a solution to a difficult problem

Be indebted toBe indebted to Be very grateful to sb. For the help he has given youBe very grateful to sb. For the help he has given youMagnitude Magnitude Greatness of size or importanceGreatness of size or importanceGamble on Gamble on Do sth. that involves a lot of risk, and that will not succeDo sth. that involves a lot of risk, and that will not succe

ed unless things happen the way you would like them ed unless things happen the way you would like them to to

MediocrityMediocrityA quality that is acceptable but not very good A quality that is acceptable but not very good Guadalcanal Guadalcanal One of the Solomon Island in the southwestern Pacific One of the Solomon Island in the southwestern Pacific

Ocean; during World War II, it is the site of fighting bOcean; during World War II, it is the site of fighting between American and Japanese forces in 1942-1943.etween American and Japanese forces in 1942-1943.

President TrumanPresident TrumanHarry S. Truman(1884-1972), thirty-third President of thHarry S. Truman(1884-1972), thirty-third President of th

e United States (1945-1953) e United States (1945-1953) President EisenhowerPresident Eisenhower Dwight D. Eisenhower (1890-1969), thirty-fourth PresideDwight D. Eisenhower (1890-1969), thirty-fourth Preside

nt of the United States (1953-1961)nt of the United States (1953-1961)

Espiritu SantoEspiritu SantoA large island in the south Pacific, used as a U.S. air baseA large island in the south Pacific, used as a U.S. air baseDenverDenverThe capital of ColoradoThe capital of ColoradoColorado Colorado A state in the Middle West of the United StatesA state in the Middle West of the United StatesToy withToy withThink about an idea or possibility, usually for a short time and noThink about an idea or possibility, usually for a short time and no

t very seriouslyt very seriouslyIn that In that BecauseBecausePhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaThe largest city of Pennsylvania, a state in the east of the United The largest city of Pennsylvania, a state in the east of the United

States, and the fourth largest city of the United States.States, and the fourth largest city of the United States.Turn you loose on some huge tasksTurn you loose on some huge tasksAllow you to deal with some big jobs in the way you want toAllow you to deal with some big jobs in the way you want toHarvard and YaleHarvard and YaleTwo top-ranking American universitiesTwo top-ranking American universitiesPour it onPour it onPraise and admire greatlyPraise and admire greatly