an environmental sustainability assessment of federal housing estate, malali kaduna
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CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study
Professional builders have been in constant experimentation over the past twenty
years in an attempt to learn how to increase the level of sustainability in their building
practices. In response to growing concerns about building quality, health, quality of
life, energy costs and dwindling natural resources, an increasing number of building
professionals are embracing green building. This holistic approach to homebuilding
emphasizes quality construction, energy efficiency, good indoor air quality and livable
neighbourhoods (Build it Green, 2005).
In an industry once dominated by economics and aesthetics, the popularity of
sustainable building practices has been growing immensely. This can be explained by
the general increase in public environmental awareness and concern.
A sustainable building, also referred to as a green building, is a structure that is
designed, built, renovated, operated, or reused in an ecological and resource-efficient
manner. Sustainable buildings are designed to meet certain life cycle based
objectives. These objectives include: protecting the health of building occupants;
improving employee productivity; using energy, water and materials more efficiently;
incorporating recycled-content building materials; adding compost and yard waste
prevention practices into the landscape design; and reducing the environmental
impacts associated with the production of raw materials, building construction, and
building maintenance and operations.
The results: enhanced occupant health and productivity, significant cost savings, and a
better environment.
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Green buildings may cost more upfront, but saves operating costs over the life of the
building. The green building approach applies a project life cycle cost analysis for
determining the appropriate up-front expenditure. Cost savings can be fully realized
when an integrated team of professionals is contracted. The integrated system of
approach ensures that the building is designed as one system rather than a collection
of stand-alone systems. Over the lifespan of a green building the cost savings can be
20 70 percent less than structures built to current codes. Even with a tight budget,
many green building measures can be incorporated with minimal or zero increased up-
front costs and they can yield enormous savings (Environmental Building News,
1999).
In the late 1980's, the notion of sustainable development was beginning to generate
interest. Buildings account for one-sixth of the worlds fresh water withdrawals, one-
quarter of its wood harvest, and two-fifths of its material and energy flows (D.M
Roodman and N. Lenssen, 1995). Building "green" is an opportunity to use our
resources efficiently.
Population growth and housing development have many impacts on the environment
and on quality of life issues. The sheer number of existing housing units as well as the
potential impact of future growth in the study area directly speaks to the need of an
integrated green building approach to housing.
There are many very real benefits to living in a green home, and every day, more and
more people are discovering those benefits. That is why green homes are expected to
make up 10% of new home construction by 2010, up from 2% in 2005, according to
the 2006 McGraw-Hill Construction Residential Green Building SmartMarket Report.
Some of the benefits are as follows:
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A Healthier Home
Green homes use of toxin-free building materials helps combat indoor air
pollution, which can be much worse than outdoor pollution. Unhealthy air
inside can pose serious health risks for residents, including cancer and
respiratory ailments like asthma. Such non-toxic materials include wheat-
derived strawboard, natural linoleum made from jute and linseed oil, paints
with little or no volatile organic compounds and toxin-free insulation made
from soybeans, recycled paper or even old denim.
Green homes have far fewer problems with mold or mildew.
Natural ventilation in green homes, as well as use of mechanical ventilation
systems to filter and bring fresh air inside and vent stale air outside, keep
residents breathing easy.
A Cost-Efficient Home
A green home is more durable than most standard homes because of its high-
quality building materials and construction processes, requiring fewer repairs.
Month to month, people who live in green homes save money by consuming
40% less energy and 50% less water than standard homes (Green Home Guide,
2007). Over the years, that adds up to big savings.
The net cost of owning a green home is comparable to or even cheaper than
owning a standard home. If upfront costs are higher, it is often because many
architects, homebuilders, engineers, plumbers and other industry professionals
just dont have the knowledge and experience to cost-effectively plan, design
and build a green home. Finding a professional familiar with green-building
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techniques will save you money and ensure youre getting the best-quality
work possible.
A healthier home means fewer expensive doctors visits and fewer days of
missed work.
An Environmentally Friendly Home
Far fewer natural resources are used in the construction of a green home.
Many green building materials have significant recycled content. Some
companies, for example, now make carpets and floor tiles from recycled tires
and bottles. Green homes can also be constructed with salvaged materials from
demolished buildings. Green homes use materials made from rapidly
renewable materials, like bamboo, hemp, agrifibers and soybean-based
products.
Building a standard 232.26m2 home creates approximately 2 tons of
construction waste that ends up in landfills. Construction of a green home,
however, generates 50% to 90% less waste (Green Home Guide, 2007).
Efficient plumbing and bathing fixtures, drought-tolerant landscaping and
water-conserving irrigation systems help green homes use, on average, 50%
less water than standard homes (Green Home Guide, 2007).
1.2 Need for the Study
We cannot avoid impacting the environment when we build a house, but we can work
toward reducing that environmental impact. New construction, whether of a single
home or a large development, contributes to the states economic vitality and helps
meet our pressing need for more housing. At the same time, every new home places
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additional demands on our supplies of land, water and energy, and on our
infrastructure of roads, sewers and other services. Therefore, a green building looks
into reducing of such demands.
1.3 Research Question/Problem
This project is designed to answer the question, are green buildings which are cost
effective and environmentally friendly equal or better in quality than conventional
buildings. The Kaduna Property and Development Company (KSDPC) is constantly
building, renovating and fixing buildings within the neighbourhood. The energy and
resources used in the construction in Malali is abundant and far surpasses sustainable
levels. It is time to explore new alternatives in building materials and process. This
will ensure that construction is as environmentally sounded as possible.
When answering this research question it is important to note that there will be a bias
present. I am an Environmental and Resource Study student interested in
sustainability; therefore I am more in favour of green products. I realize it is our job to
influence contactors to become greener and this is where the bias will appear. More
importantly we are responsible in making sure that the contractors are aware of green
buildings and their potential benefits. This project will help builders with the best
building practices.
1.4 Aim
Towards achievement of a sustainable natural ecosystem through the development of
green buildings.
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1.5 Objectives
This project brings attention to the benefits that can be derived from sustainable
building practices which can be built on the following objectives:
To examine the existing Building types for green building compatibility
To examine the effect of design, building materials, and infrastructure
available to the housing estate on green building compatibility.
To bring attention to the benefits that can be derived from green building
practices.
1.6 Hypothesis
Supporting the objectives mentioned above are the following hypotheses.
Ho 1: There is no statistically significant relationship between conservation
of natural resources, efficient use of energy, indoor air quality, and the One (1)
bedroom building type.
Ho 2: There is no statistically significant relationship between planning for
livable communities and the One (1) bedroom building type.
Ho 3: There is no statistically significant relationship between conservation
of natural resources, efficient use of energy, indoor air quality, and the Two (2)
bedrooms building type.
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Ho 4: There is no statistically significant relationship between planning for
livable communities and the Two (2) bedrooms building type.
Ho 5: There is no statistically significant relationship between conservation
of natural resources, efficient use of energy, indoor air quality, and the Three
(3) bedrooms building type.
Ho 6: There is no statistically significant relationship between planning for
livable communities and the Three (3) bedrooms building type.
Alternative hypothesis formulated will be accepted if the null hypothesis will be
rejected.
Hi 1: There is significant relationship between the variables tested.
1.7 Scope of the Study
The scope of this research work covers the investigation into the neighbourhood
development, design and building materials used for the Malali Housing Estate, in
Doka Local Government Area of Kaduna State, with consideration given to a
particular three (3) low cost type building in the neighbourhood.
Non existent of prototype green buildings within the country as of the time of
carrying out this research serve as constraints; as such, data sourced from the internet,
journals and textbooks were solely relied upon.
1.8 Methodology
A detailed investigation into the construction procedure and materials used for an
existing three (3) bedroom low cost house will be carried out through observation,
records and consultations with the relevant authorities concerned. This will include the
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main structural components of which a building is comprised. The main areas will
include: foundation, walling, windows, doors, roofing, painting, underlayment,
carpeting, flooring, cooling, water supply, electricity and site orientation/layout.
A Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design LEED checklist for Existing
Buildings and Neighbourhood Development (FWCI, 2008), which is a rating system
that reflects scientific knowledge, leading-edge architectural and engineering design
approaches, and best practices in construction and development is used to assess the
existing building and its environment for green building compatibility.
1.9 Definition of Terms
Biodiversity or Biological Diversity: is the sum total of all the different species of
animals, plants, fungi and microbial organisms living on Earth today, and the
variety of habitats in which they live. Some scientists estimate that upward of 10
millionand some even suggest more than 100 milliondifferent species inhabit
the Earth, each adapted to its unique niche in the environment. Biodiversity is often
used as a measure of the health of biological systems.
Brownfield: Urban areas of former (and now abandoned) manufacturing or
warehousing sites with varying degrees of existing contamination, from none to
severe. They typically have valuable infrastructure such as roads, water supply,
sewage and storage drains in place, which will cut down considerably on
development costs. The restoration of brownfields is a major target of green
building.
Building Envelope: The building envelope is what separates the interior and
exterior environments of a building and includes the foundation, roof, walls, doors
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and windows. The dimensions, performance and compatibility of materials,
fabrication process and details, their connections and interactions, are the main
factors that determine the effectiveness and durability of the building enclosure
system. Building Envelope design includes four major performance objectives:
Structural integrity
Moisture control
Temperature control
Control of air pressure boundaries
Carbon-dioxide: A (greenhouse) gas naturally produced by animals during
respiration. It is also generated as a byproduct of the combustion of fossil fuels or
vegetable matter. Carbon dioxide is called a greenhouse gas because it traps solar
heat within the atmosphere. Having the effect of a greenhouses glass roof, this
carbon dioxide prevents solar heat from radiating back out into space. The trapped
atmosphere is then absorbed by the earths surface, slowly contributing to the
planetary cycles majorly responsible for the raising of water, land and vegetation
temperatures. The reduction of carbon dioxide emission is one of the major goals
of green building.
Carbon Footprint: A general measure of the impact of human activities on the
environment in terms of greenhouse gases produced, usually measured in units of
carbon dioxide.
Carbon Neutral: A statement that at the end of the day you (or your organization)
has removed as much carbon dioxide from the atmosphere as you have emitted into
it, normally by sponsoring the planting of trees, which will consume carbon
dioxide and emit oxygen in its place.
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Certification: A process that provides an acknowledged third-party verification of
achievement in the green arena.
Certified Wood: Wood products certified by a trustworthy third party (such as the
Forest Stewardship CouncilFSC) as being made from sustainable harvested
lumber.
Charrette: The term charrette evolved from a pre-1900 exercise at the Ecole des
Beaux Arts in France, where architectural students were given a design problem to
solve within an allotted time. When that time was up, the students would rush their
drawings from the studio to the ecole in a cart called a charrette. Students often
jumped in the cart to finish drawings on the way. The term evolved to refer to the
intense design exercise itself.
Today, the charrette refers to a creative process akin to visual brainstorming used
by design professionals to develop solutions to a design problem within a limited
time frame.
Comfort = Productivity: Healthy and comfortable occupants (employees) are
more productive than unhealthy, uncomfortable ones. This is a major selling point
when it comes to convincing the corporate bottom-liner that indoor air quality,
temperature, available daylight, outside view and other aspects of green design will
amply pay for itself in the short to medium term by productivity gains alone.
Cool Roofs: Dark or black roofs will drive the cooling bill up dramatically,
whereas an energy-efficient roofing system, also called cool roofs, can reduce the
summer roof temperature by as much as 37.7 degrees Celcius, and so greatly
reduce the buildings air conditioning needs (FWCI, 2008).
LEED awards one credit point for a roof that covers at least 75 percent of the
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surface with efficiently reflective material (having a Solar Reflectance Index rating
of at least 78 for a low-sloped roof and 29 for a steep-sloped roof).
Daylighting: Simply stated, this means making daylight available to the occupants
of a building. Many studies have concluded that employees without adequate
natural daylighting do not perform as well, and are not as healthy, as those who do.
The design implication of this is a plan where no employee is farther than 10
meters from a window, making a daylight green building no wider than 20.1
meters. This is a standard requirement in many countries in Europe, where, as a
rule, the health of people is rated higher than economic efficiency.
Ecological Footprint: The ecological footprint question wonders: How many
planet Earths would it take to sustain current human activity, assuming todays
levels of consumption, pollution and resource depletion? The answer, in 2003, was
that if every man, woman and child were to maintain their existing level of
consumption, pollution and resource depletion, we would need 1.25 Earths, right
now.
More to the point, however: Were we to assume instead that every man, woman
and child on our planet were to consume as much as is done in the United States (in
other words, had the U.S. ecological footprint) the much darker answer varies from
a low (and most likely conservative) five Earths to the more probable 11 Earths.
We have only one.
FSC - Forest Stewardship Council: The most active group to certify that lumber
has been harvested in a sustainable manner.
Global Warming: The current warming of the planet influenced in part by human
activity.
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Greenhouse Effect : A warming of the Earth caused in part by the capacity of
certain gases in the atmosphere such as carbon dioxideto trap heat emitted from
Earths surface, so creating an insulating blanket. Without this insulation the Earth
would be too cold for most living things to survive.
It has been posited recently that human activities may be influencing the normal
process of warming and cooling that create the warm periods and ice ages in
Earths existence (as a result of its position in relation to the sun and its activities),
with potentially dangerous consequences (global warming), by trapping too much
heat.
Green Power Earth provides three types of natural resources:
Perpetual, those that are virtually inexhaustible on a human scale,33 and
include wind, solar and tidal.
Renewable, those that can be replenished in a relatively short time, such as
trees, and
Non-Renewable, those that require millions or billions of years to replenish,
such as oil and coal (although
Green power normally falls within the perpetual category, and includes wind and
solar power.
Greenwash: A word coined from green and whitewash, and that describes the
act of misleading consumer regarding the environmental practices of a company, or
the environmental benefits of a product or service.
Hardscape: Open areas, such as plazas and walkways, serving a landscaping
function but normally consisting of paved surfaces.
High-Performance Building: A term roughly equivalent to green building or
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sustainable building, but that flips the coin to stress the increase of the positive
rather than the decrease of the negative. A high-performance building is rated and
promoted in terms of energy efficiency, water conservation efficiency, indoor air
quality, availability of natural light and recycling. This term and concept is often an
easier sell to the corporate world than green, which still smacks a little of tree-
hugging.
LCA - Life Cycle Assessment: This holistic evaluation of an activity or a product
takes into account such environmental factors as water pollution, air pollution,
global warming, environmental degradation, ozone depletion, habitat destruction
and human health.
The LCA of a product would involve the detailed measurement and assessment of
its ecological footprintall the way from planning and design, through acquisition
of raw materials needed for manufacture, transportation of raw materials,
manufacture, waste products during manufacture, distribution, packing material,
emissions during use, to recycling or reuse at end of the products useful life. This
would add up to the ecological life cycle impact of the product, which is its actual
cost to the planet.
LEED - Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design: The U.S. Green
Building Councils now widely accepted yardstick of what constitutes a green, or
high-performance, building.
Light Pollution: Excessive evening and night light generated by a brightly lit
neighborhood.
Locally Sourced: As a rule, at item is considered locally sourced if it is obtained
from a source within 805 kilometers of the building site.
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Mixed-Mode Systems: Mixed-mode refers to combining natural ventilation with
air conditioning in the same building (for example, operable windows in an air-
conditioned office space). Mixed-mode strategies have the potential to offer the
best of all worlds by using natural ventilation to provide occupant control, high
ventilation rates and reduced HVAC energy, while using air-conditioning to
maintain comfort when necessary during temperature extremes.
Passive Solar Design: The term refers to buildings designed to incorporate
sunlight and natural ventilation into a building in order to eliminate the need for
mechanical systems, and includes buildings with a long east-west axis to optimize
utilization of sunlight.
Permeable Pavement: Parking lot pavement material that allows water to filter
through and into the ground rather than running off into storm drains to pollute
lakes and rivers with runoff oil and grease.
Photo-voltaic: Designating electrical systems that convert direct sunlight into
electricity. Solar cells are often made from semiconductor-grade silicon and are
normally 5 to 12 percent efficient in converting sunlight energy to electricity.
Recently, some firms have announced significant improvements in this sunlight-to-
electricity conversion ratio and claim to have reached a 20 to 22 percent efficiency.
Rapidly Renewable Material: These are materials that can be planted, grown and
harvested in less than 10years. Examples include bamboo and cork.
SFI: Sustainable Forestry Initiative
SRI: Solar Reflectance Index. A composite index used to estimate how hot a
surface will become when exposed to full sun. The temperature of a surface
depends on the surfaces reflectance and emission, as well as solar radiation. The
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SRI is used to determine the effect of this reflectance and emission on the surface
temperature, and varies from 100 for a standard white surface to zero for a standard
black surface.
Sustainable Design: A design philosophy that seeks to maximize the quality of
the built environment, while minimizing or eliminating negative impact to the
natural environment.34 This definition complements the often quoted statement
made by Gro Harlem Bruntland at the 1987 World Commission on the
Environment and Development, that sustainable development aims to meet the
needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet
their own needs.
TOD (Transit Oriented Development): This is a commercial or residential
development that is located and designed to maximize access to public
transportation in order to encourage transit ridership, and so cut down on
automobile usage and pollution.
Urban Heat-Island Effect: The thermal phenomenon of cities being noticeably
hotter, typically 5 degrees to 7 degrees, than their surrounding countryside.
VOC: Volatile Organic Compounds. Carbon-based chemicals that emit vapors at
normal room temperatures. Products that emit VOCs include paint, lacquers,
adhesives and sealants.
Xeriscaping: Xeri- comes from Greek meaning dry, while scaping is from
landscaping. The term has come to mean to landscape in such a way that no
additional water is needed to irrigate the result. The xeriscaping approach is to use
only regionally appropriate plants, whichalready being adapted to the local
climate cycleshave no additional water needs.
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CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature review
2.1 Sustainability
In simplest terms, sustainability is best represented by the protection of natural
resources utilized by all living organisms on earth. Sustainability was defined by the
World Commission on Environment and Development in 1987 as meeting the
needs of today without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their
own needs. (Krochalis, R.F.) However, this philosophy by no means suggests that
humans should completely discontinue utilizing natural resources, but rather manage
the existing resources in a more efficient manner. In doing so, consideration is given
to the future of the worlds resources and the future generation who will depend on
them.
The philosophy behind sustainability is extremely broad, with practices ranging from
selective harvesting to sustainable landscaping. Further, sustainability applies to, our
homes, housing developments, communities, cities, and regions and helps the
environment at all levels when successfully implemented. The ways in which
buildings are constructed are directly intertwined with their surrounding natural
environment, contributing directly to its sustainability. (Krochalis, R.F.)
2.2 Sustainable Design
Sustainable design (also referred to as "green design", "eco-design", or "design for
environment") is the art of designing physical objects and the built environment to
comply with the principles of economic, social, and ecological sustainability. It ranges
from the microcosm of designing small objects for everyday use, through to the
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macrocosm of designing buildings, cities, and the earth's physical surface. It is a
growing trend within the fields of architecture, landscape architecture, urban design,
urban planning, engineering, graphic design, industrial design, interior design and
fashion design.
The needed aim of sustainable design is to produce places, products and services in a
way that reduces use of non-renewable resources, minimizes environmental impact,
and relates people with the natural environment. Sustainable design is often viewed as
a necessary tool for achieving sustainability. It is related to the more heavy-industry-
focused fields of industrial ecology and green chemistry, sharing tools such as life
cycle assessment and life cycle energy analysis to judge the environmental impact or
"greenness" of various design choices.
Sustainable design is general reaction to the global "environmental crisis", i.e., rapid
growth of economic activity and human population, depletion of natural resources,
damage to ecosystems and loss of biodiversity (Fan Shu-Yang, Bill Freedman, and
Raymond Cote, 2004). The appearance is that our growing use of the earth has
exceeded the sustainable limits of the earth importantly because of continually
increasing investment in diminishing resources. Proponents of sustainable design
generally believe the crisis may be resolved by using innovative design and industrial
practices which reduce the environmental impacts associated with goods and services.
Green design is considered a means of doing that while maintaining quality of life by
using clever design to substitute less harmful products and processes for conventional
ones.
The limits of green design in reducing whole earth impacts are beginning to be
considered because growth in goods and services is consistently outpacing gains in
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efficiency. As a result the net effect of sustainable design to date has been to simply
improve the efficiency of rapidly increasing impacts. The present approach, which
focuses on the efficiency of delivering individual goods and services, does not solve
this problem. The basic dilemmas not yet well addressed include: the increasing
complexity of efficiency improvements, the difficulty of implementing new
technologies in societies built around old ones, that physical impacts of delivering
goods and services are not localized but distributed throughout the economies, and
that the scale of resource uses is growing and not stabilizing. 'Transformative'
technologies are hoped for, but workable options are not yet evident. Only if the scale
of resource uses stabilizes will the efficiency of how they are each delivered result in
reducing total impacts.
Principles of Sustainable design
While the practical application varies among disciplines, some common principles are
as follows:
Low-impact materials: choose non-toxic, sustainably-produced or recycled
materials which require little energy to process
Energy efficiency: use manufacturing processes and produce products which
require less energy
Quality and durability: longer-lasting and better-functioning products will have
to be replaced less frequently, reducing the impacts of producing replacements
Design for reuse and recycling: "Products, processes, and systems should be
designed for performance in a commercial 'afterlife'."(Anastas, P.L. and
Zimmerman, J. B., 2003).
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Design Impact Measures for total earth footprint and life-cycle assessment for
any resource use are increasingly required and available. Many are complex,
but some give quick and accurate whole earth estimates of impacts.
Sustainable Design Standards and project design guides and also increasingly
available and vigorously being developed originated by wide array private and
organizations and individuals. There is also a large body of new methods
emerging from the rapid development of what has become known as
'sustainability science' promoted by a wide variety of educational and
governmental institutions.
Biomimicry: "redesigning industrial systems on biological lines ... enabling the
constant reuse of materials in continuous closed cycles..."(Paul Hawken,
Amory B. Lovins, and L. Hunter Lovins, 1999).
Service substitution: shifting the mode of consumption from personal
ownership of products to provision of services which provide similar
functions, e.g. from a private automobile to a car-sharing service. Such a
system promotes minimal resource use per unit of consumption (e.g., per trip
driven). (Ryan, Chris, 2006).
Renewability: materials should come from nearby (local or bioregional),
sustainably-managed renewable sources that can be composted (or fed to
livestock) when their usefulness has been exhausted.
Healthy Buildings: sustainable building design aims to create buildings that
are not harmful to their occupants or to the larger environment. An important
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emphasis is on indoor environmental quality, especially indoor air quality.
(Levin, Hal, 1995).
.1 Sustainable Architecture
Sustainable Architecture, also known as "Green building" (or "green architecture"), is
a general term that describes environmentally-conscious design techniques in the field
of architecture. Sustainable architecture is framed by the larger discussion of
sustainability and the pressing economic and political issues of our world. In the broad
context, sustainable architecture seeks to minimize the negative environmental impact
of buildings by enhancing efficiency and moderation in the use of materials, energy,
and development space.
Fig. 2.1 The passivhaus standard combines a variety of techniques and
technologies to achieve ultra-low energy use.
Energy efficiency over the entire life cycle of a building is the most important single
goal of sustainable architecture. Architects use many different techniques to reduce the
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energy needs of buildings and increase their ability to capture or generate their own
energy.
.2 Building Placement
One central and often ignored aspect of sustainable architecture is building placement.
Although many may envision the ideal environmental home or office structure as an
isolated place in the middle of the woods, this kind of placement is often detrimental
to the environment. First, such structures often serve as the unknowing frontlines of
suburban sprawl. Second, they usually increase the energy consumption required for
transportation and lead to unnecessary auto emissions. Ideally, most building should
avoid suburban sprawl in favor of the kind of light urban development articulated by
the New Urbanist movement. Careful mixed use zoning can make commercial,
residential, and light industrial areas more accessible for those traveling by foot,
bicycle, or public transit, as proposed in the Principles of Intelligent Urbanism.
.3 Heating, Ventilation and Cooling System Efficiency
The most important and cost effective element of an efficient heating, ventilating, and
air conditioning (HVAC) system is a well insulated building. A more efficient building
requires less heat generating or dissipating power, but may require more ventilation
capacity to expel polluted indoor air.
Significant amounts of energy are flushed out of buildings in the water, air and
compost streams. Off the shelf, on-site energy recycling technologies can effectively
recapture energy from waste hot water and stale air and transfer that energy into
incoming fresh cold water or fresh air. Recapture of energy for uses other than
gardening from compost leaving buildings requires centralized anaerobic digesters.
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Site and building orientation have a major effect on a building's HVAC efficiency.
Passive solar building design allows buildings to harness the energy of the sun
efficiently without the use of any active solar mechanisms such as photovoltaic cells
or solar hot water panels. Typically passive solar building designs incorporate
materials with high thermal mass that retain heat effectively and strong insulation that
works to prevent heat escape. Low energy designs also requires the use of (mobile)
solar shading, by means of awnings, blinds or shutters, to relieve the solar heat gain in
summer and to reduce the need for artificial cooling. In addition, low energy buildings
typically have a very low surface area to volume ratio to minimize heat loss. This
means that sprawling multi-winged building designs (often thought to look more
"organic") are often avoided in favor of more centralized structures. Traditional cold
climate buildings such as American colonial saltbox designs provide a good historical
model for centralized heat efficiency in a small scale building.
Windows are placed to maximize the input of heat-creating light while minimizing the
loss of heat through glass, a poor insulator. In the northern hemisphere this usually
involves installing a large number of south-facing windows to collect direct sun and
severely restricting the number of north-facing windows. Certain window types, such
as double or triple glazed insulated windows with gas filled spaces and low emissivity
(low-E) coatings; provide much better insulation than single-pane glass windows.
Preventing excess solar gain by means of solar shading devices in the summer months
is important to reduce cooling needs. Deciduous trees are often planted in front of
windows to block excessive sun in summer with their leaves but allow light through in
winter when their leaves fall off. Louvers or light shelves are installed to allow the
sunlight in during the winter (when the sun is lower in the sky) and keep it out in the
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summer (when the sun high in the sky). Coniferous or evergreen plants are often
planted to the north of buildings to shield against cold north winds.
In colder climates, heating systems are a primary focus for sustainable architecture
because they are typically one of the largest single energy drains in buildings.
In warmer climates where cooling is a primary concern,passive solar designs can also
be very effective. Masonry building materials with high thermal mass are very
valuable for retaining the cool temperatures of night throughout the day. In addition
builders often opt for sprawling single story structures in order to maximize surface
area and heat loss. Buildings are often designed to capture and channel existing winds,
particularly the especially cool winds coming from nearby bodies ofwater. Many of
these valuable strategies are employed in some way by the traditional architecture of
warm regions, such as south-western mission buildings.
In climates with four seasons, an integrated energy system will increase in efficiency:
when the building is well insulated, when it is sited to workwith the forces of nature,
when heat is recaptured (to be used immediately or stored), when the heat plant
relying on fossil fuels or electricity is greater than 100% efficient, and when
renewable energy is utilized.
.4 Alternative Energy Production and Building Design
Active solar devices such as photovoltaic solar panels help to provide sustainable
electricity for any use. Roofs are often angled toward the sun to allow photovoltaic
panels to collect at maximum efficiency, and some buildings even move throughout
the day to follow the sun. The Samundra Institute of Maritime Studies (SIMS) at
Lonavala, near Pune India, has the longest photovoltaic wall in the world, at over
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ninety meters long. Undersized wind turbines (normal turbines are often over 250
feet) may have been oversold and do not always provide the returns promised,
particularly for North American households (Levin, Hal, 1995). Active solar water
heating systems have long provided heating-specific energy in a sustainable manner.
Occasionally houses that use a combination of these methods achieve the lofty goal of
"zero energy" and can even begin generating excess energy for use in other structures.
.5 Waste Management
Sustainable architecture focuses on the on-site use of waste, incorporating things such
as grey water systems for use on garden beds, and composting toilets to reduce
sewage. These methods, when combined with on-site food waste composting and off-
site recycling, can reduce a house's waste to a small amount of packaging waste.
.6 Re-Using Structures and Materials
Some sustainable architecture incorporates recycled or second hand materials. The
reduction in use of new materials creates a corresponding reduction in embodied
energy (energy used in the production of materials). Often sustainable architects
attempt to retro-fit old structures to serve new needs in order to avoid unnecessary
development.
.7 Social Sustainability in Design
Architectural design can play a large part in influencing the ways that social groups
interact. Communist Russia's Constructivist Social condensers are a good example of
this, buildings which were designed with the specific intention of controlling or
directing the flow of everyday life to "create socially equitable spaces".
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Sustainable design can help to create a sustainable way of living within a community.
While the existing social constructs can be seen to influence architecture, the opposite
can also be true. An overtly socially sustainable building, if successful, can help
people to see the benefit of living sustainably; this can be seen in many of Rural
Studio's buildings in and around Hale County, Alabama, for example. The same can
be said for environmentally sustainable design, in that architecture can lead the way
for the greater community (Wikipedia, 2008).
2.4 Green Building Materials
Evaluating building materials is a complex process. There are always tradeoffs. The
underlying belief is that healthy ecosystems sustain healthy economies. Factors such
as price, performance, aesthetics, and practicality determine whether a product has
utility value within the marketplace. In addition to drawing comparisons between
products on the basis of price, performance, usability, practicality and aesthetics, the
products must also offer additional benefits. These products must aim to protect
health, and use energy and other resources efficiently and sparingly.
There is a multitude of factors that need to be considered when determining the
"greenness" of a product. When defining what makes a product green, there are many
aspects to consider. The recommended materials for foundation, walling, windows,
doors, roofing, painting, underlayment, carpeting, flooring, cooling, water supply,
electricity and site orientation/layout will be selected with thought into incorporating
components of the following four categories (Green, 2001):
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(1) Products that can be made from environmentally attractive materials:
Salvaged products
Products with post-consumer content
Products with post-industrial content
Rapidly renewable products
Products made from agricultural waste material
Natural of minimally processed products
(2) Products that are green because of what is not there:
Products that reduce material use
Alternatives to ozone-depleting substances
Alternatives to products made from PVC and polycarbonate
Alternatives to conventional preservative-treated wood
Alternatives to other components considered hazardous
(3) Products that reduce environmental impacts during construction, renovation,
or demolition (Reed, 1997):
Take life cycle costing into account, rather than first cost. This will lead to
higher quality design and materials.
Reuse existing building materials and infrastructure to reduce the amount of
new materials required.
Recycle construction waste at job site. New markets are continually being
developed.
Minimize waste by designing for standard sizes.
Use value-engineered products such as prefabricated components for more
efficient structures.
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Select durable and heavy materials that can provide thermal mass in buildings.
Specify as many locally manufactured materials and products as possible to
support the local economy and minimize transportation.
Build with salvaged materials whenever possible.
Minimize and recycle packaging materials.
Use materials that do not require frequent harmful maintenance.
Products that reduce the impacts of new construction
Products that reduce the impacts of renovation
Products that reduce the impacts of demolition
(4) Products that contribute to healthy and safe indoor environments:
Products that do not release significant pollutants into the building.
Products that block spread of indoor contaminants.
Products that remove indoor contaminants.
Products that remove indoor pollutants.
Products that improve light quality.
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CHAPTER THREE
Research Methodology
3.1 Introduction
The success of any research work is hinged to a large extent, on the methodology
adopted by the researcher in gathering and analyzing the data. Therefore, this chapter
focuses on the study population, data collection procedures and methods of data
analysis. With a careful thought and deep understanding. Appropriate methodologies
for the achievement of the objective of the study were chosen. The method to be
adopted in carrying out this research work shall be prcise and focused.
There have been different rating methods developed across the globe for sustainable
buildings which include the LEED ratings, Green Globes and the Build it Green rating
for homes, 2005. Due to its general area of coverage which includes New
Construction (and major renovations), Core and shell (office buildings and other
speculative projects), Commercial Interiors (remodels), Existing Buildings
(continuing building operation), Neighbourhod Development and Homes; the
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design rating methods was adopted.
3.2 Area of the Study
Malali, Doka Local Government Area of Kaduna State is located to the northern part
of the city centre. Located approximately on Latitude 10o3331.22N and Longitude
7o2816.49E, it is bounded to the North Kawo district, to the West by Badarawa
district, to the South by Unguwan Rimi and to the East by River Kaduna. It occupies
an area of about 376, 693.99 sq meters (37.67 Hectares).
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3.3 Historical Background of Malali Housing Estate
Malali Housing Estate was purposely constructed to house the participating countries
for the then Festival of arts and Culture (FESTAC 77). Construction work was carried
out by A.G. ferrerro which began in 1976 and was concluded the following year in
time for the event. The Estate was available by October 1977 for occupation by
Nigerians based on first-come-first-serve basis through purchase of forms.
Malali Housing Estate has a central sewage system and treatment plant to facilitate
sanitary conditions. An estate office, police station, schools, religious facilities, corner
shops, recreational facilities, a petrol station and water treatment plant for supply of
portable drinking water to the estate and neighbouring districts.
It has good road network and is well accessible to neighbouring districts from all four
cardinal points. Malali Housing Estate is within reach of the city centre which is the
heart of commercial activities in the city.
3.4 Malali Housing Estate Structures/Buildings
A total of Six Hundred and twenty (620) housing units were constructed together with
supporting facilities which includes:
1. One Hundred and Forty Eight (148) numbers 3-bedroom type housing
units
2. Three Hundred (300) numbers 2-bedroom type housing units
3. One Hundred and Seventy two (172) numbers 1-bedroom type housing
units
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4. One (1) number police Station
5. One (1) Sewage Treatment Plant
6. One (1) Estate Office
7. Provisions for religious activities
8. Corner shops
9. One (1) number Estate Dry cleaning service
10. One (1) number Estate Petrol Station
11. One (1) number Islamic School
For the purpose of this research, the housing units will be subjected to rating of unit-
type for LEED Existing Buildings and Homes, and the Estate in general using the
LEED Neighbourhood Development rating.
3.5 Design of the Study
Amongst numerous designs available to researchers to serve as a guide in arranging
ideas in an orderly way, a survey was used to prepare a mental plan and scheme of
attack for solving the problem systematically. This involved careful observation and
unstructured interviews for collection of detailed descriptions of the existing situation
and using of the so collected, to justify current conditions and practices for improving
the phenomenon.
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3.6 Research Population
Since the study deals with Study of Practices in Built Environment for sustainability
in Nigeria, an existing Housing Estate which served as a model for several other
housing projects was chosen. The three (3) bedrooms, two (2) bedrooms and one (1)
bedroom building types which forms the main categories of the houses in the estate
were targeted.
The study was focused on the three building types and the whole Neighbourhood in
general.
3.7 Data and Method of Data Collection
The data used in the course of this project are primary and secondary. The primary
data were collected through the use of direct or personal observation and unstructured
interview. The secondary data were collected from books, journals, research projects,
magazines, term papers, internet, Kaduna State Property and Development Company
(KSDPC) and Department of Land Survey and Country Planning, Kaduna State.
The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) ratings for Existing
Buildings and Neighbourhood Development used for the primary data collection is
described below:
LEED certification is divided into six different rating systems:
1. LEED-NC for New Construction (and major renovations)
2. LEED-CS for Core and Shell (office buildings and other speculative
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projects)
3. LEED-CI for Commercial Interiors (remodels)
4. LEED-EB for Existing Buildings (continuing building operation)
5. LEED-ND for Neighborhood Development
6. LEED-H for Homes
(FCWI, 2008)
3.7.1 LEED PointsHow They Are Awarded
The first four LEED rating systems above (NC, CS, CI and EB) are broken down into
six categories of evaluation:
1. Sustainable Sites
2. Water Efficiency
3. Energy and Atmosphere
4. Materials and Resources
5. Indoor Environmental Quality
6. Innovation and Design
(LEED-ND and LEED-H have their own distinct areas).Below is discussion of the
criteria for the LEED-EB and LEED-ND categories:
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3.7.1.1 LEED for Existing Buildings (LEED-EB)
This system aims at rating the continuing environmental footprint of an existing
building. The long-term effect of a building on the environment results from a
multitude of small choices that owners and operators make over the lifetime of a
building. LEED-EB is the first system that aims to assess these choices and to suggest
how to lessen their detrimental impact.
3.7.1.2 LEED for Neighbourhood Development (LEED-ND)
This LEED version was announced in early 2007 as a beta rating system of up to 240
projects. It seeks to provide a set of standards for the location of neighbourhoods, and
to evaluate the combined effect of smart growth, new urbanism and green building.
3.8 Instruments for Data Analysis
Descriptive statistics tools were employed in analyzing data and presenting results of
the study because of its simplicity, clarity and adaptability of the method to
quantitative study. Tables are used to display some background information of the
output derived from the ratings of the three (3) building types and the neighbourhood
in general. Ranking will be used to analyze some of the data through the use of factor
analysis, significant index and ranking of best value contributing factor (BVCF) the
while mean was used to assess the factors that resulted in the inability of Malali
Housing Estate to attain Green Building Certification and suggested strategies in
improvement for the highest rated building type.
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3.8.1 Regression Analysis
Ashworth, (1990) defines simple regression analysis as a statistical technique which
attempts to quantify the relationship between two or more variables. The simplest
form of regression is known as linear regression which shows the plotting on graphs
values of independent variables (denoted by X) and the dependent variables (denoted
by Y). Linear Regression estimates the coefficients of the linear equation, involving
one or more independent variables, which best predict the value of the dependent
variable. A pattern of dots is obtained. The objective of regression line is thus to fit a
straight line through the dots that best describe the relationship or otherwise between
the variables. The method commonly employed is that of the least square where the
deviations of individual points from the chosen line are kept to the barest possible
minimum.
The equation for the null hypothesis i.e. where bi0 and Y=bo + 0(x) which gives Y=0
depicts that no relationship exists between X and Y but for an alternate hypothesis
where bi0, Y= bo + bi(x), i.e. there is significant relationship between the variables.
The regression model general equation is:
Y= a+bx
Where, Y= the Dependent Variable
a = Y-intercept
b = Slope of the line or gradient
x = Independent
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Other type of models is:
Quadratic: Y = a + bx + b2x2
Cubic: Y = a + bx + b2x2 + b3x3
Exponent: Y = a + bx
3.8.2 The Coefficient of determinant (R2)
The coefficient of determination, (R2) R-square measures the percentage of variation
in the dependent variable that is explained by the regression on the trend line.
R2 = [(X-x)-(Y-y) 2]
[(x-x) 2 - (y-y)2]
3.8.3 Decision Rule
The decision rule adopted for this research study specifies under what condition the
null hypothesis will be accepted or rejected. The region of rejection determines the
proportion of the area in which the hypothesis null is rejected. Testing for significance
involves errors known as type I error and type II error. Type I error is the rejection of
the null hypothesis that should be accepted and the type II error is the acceptance of
the null hypothesis that should be rejected.
Ho:F 0.05 < f Calculated: Rejected
Ho:F 0.05 > f Calculated: Accepted
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3.8.4 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
The Anova is essentially a test of significance, which employs several measures of
goodness of fit used in casual forecasting model such as the simple linear regression
and e.t.c.
To describe the nature of relationship that exists between the dependent and
independent variables. Some of the common tests are: the standard error of estimate,
the test T-test for slope, P-test and F-test, used were discussed of result would be
discussed here.
3.8.5 Inferential Statistics Analysis
Inferential statistic analysis is used to determine the degree of venerability of statistics
and they represent the most widely used of all statistical research techniques. This
involves the testing of null hypothesis with the use of regression statistics, and the
analysis variance to show the existing relationship and different between the sample
area.
3.8.6 Descriptive Statistics Analysis
It reduces the analysis and very easy to interpret. The analysis of data will be
facilitated by using of bar chat.
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CHAPTER FOUR
Data Presentation, Analysis and Discussion
4.1 Introduction
Previous chapters had dealt extensively with sustainable practices involved in green
buildings and its benefits as outlined by various authorities whose works were
reviewed. The last chapter however, explained the methodology to be adopted in the
research work. It was also noted that data gathering shall be through observation and
unstructured interviews which resulted in data obtained from Kaduna State Property
and Development Company (KSDPC).
This chapter considers the analysis of the data obtained via use of the LEED EB,
Existing Building and LEED ND, Neighbourhood Development rating methods and
presentation of results in order to attain the aim of the study which is towards
achievement of a sustainable natural ecosystem through the development of green
buildings.
Data collected were analyzed through the use of descriptive and inferential statistical
tools and were summarized and presented in tables with frequency distribution and
percentiles. This is aimed at giving a clear and concise representation of each of the
variables.
4.2 Data Presentation
TABLE 4.1 LEED EB SUSTAINABLE SITES 14 POINTS
3-BDRM 2-BDRM 1-BDRM
Prereq. 1 Eros ion & Sed imenta t ion
Control
required YES YES YES
Prereq. 2 Age of Building required 31 31 31
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Credit 1.1 Plan for Green Site & Building
Exterior Management 4
Specific Actions
1 1 1 1
Credit 1.2 Plan for Green Site & Building
Exterior Management 8
Specific Actions
1 1 1 1
Credit 2 High Development Density
Building & Area
1 0 0 0
Credit 3.1 Alternative Transportation
Public Transportation Access
1 1 1 1
Credit 3.2 Alternative Transportation
Bicycle Storage & Changing
Rooms
1 0 0 0
Credit 3.3 Alternative Transportation
Alternative Fuel Vehicles
1 0 0 0
Credit 3.4 Alternative Transportation
Carpooling & Telecommuting
1 0 0 0
Credit 4.1 Reduced Site Disturbance
Protect or Restore Open Space
(50% of site area)
1 0 0 0
Credit 4.2 Reduced Site Disturbance
Protect or Restore Open Space
(75% of site area)
1 0 0 0
Credit 5.1 Stormwater Management 25%
Rate and Quantity Reduction
1 1 1 1
Credit 5.2 Stormwater Management 50%Rate and Quantity Reduction
1 1 1 1
Credit 6.1 Heat Island Reduction Non-
Roof
1 0 0 0
Credit 6.2 Heat Island Reduction Roof 1 0 0 1
Credit 7 Light Pollution Reduction 1 1 1 1
TOTAL 14 6 7 7
TABLE 4.2 LEED EB WATER EFFICIENCY 5 POINTS
3-BDRM2-BDRM1 -
BDRMPrereq1 Minimum Water Efficiency Required YES YES YES
Prereq 2 Discharge Water Compliance Required YES YES YES
Credit 1.1 Water Efficient Landscaping-
Reduce Portable Water Use by
50%
1 1 1 1
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Credit 1.2 Water efficient Landscaping-
Reduce Portable Water Use by
90%
1 1 0 1
Credit 2 I n n o v a t iv e W a st e w a t e r
Technologies
1 1 1 1
Credit 3.1 Water Use Reduction-10%
Reduction
1 1 1 1
Credit 3.2 Water Use Reduction-20%
Reduction
1 0 0 0
TOTAL 5 4 3 4
TABLE 4.3 LEED EB ENERGY & ATMOSPHERE 23 POINTS
3-BDRM 2-BDRM 1-BDRM
Prereq 1 E x i s t i n g B u i l d i n g
Commissioning
Required NO NO NO
Prereq 2 M i n i m u m E n e r g y
Performance-Energy Star 60
Required YES YES YES
Prereq Ozone Protection Required YES YES YES
Credit 1 Optimize Energy Performance 1 to 10
Energy Star rating-63 1 1 1 1
Energy Star Rating -67 2 0 0 0Energy Star Rating -71 3 0 0 0
Energy Star Rating -75 4 0 0 1
Energy Star Rating-79 5 0 0 0
Energy Star Rating-83 6 0 0 0
Energy Star Rating-87 7 0 0 0
Energy Star Rating-91 8 0 0 0
Energy Star Rating-95 9 0 0 0
Energy Star Rating-99 10 0 0 0
Credit 2.1 Renewable Energy-On-site
3%/Off-site 15%
1 0 0 0
Credit 2.2 Renewable Energy-on-site
6%/Off-site 30%
1 0 0 0
Credit2.3 Renewable Energy-On-site
9%/Off-site 45%
1 0 0 0
Credit 2.4 Renewable Energy-On-site
12%/Off-site 60%
1 0 0 0
Credit 3.1 B u i l d i n g O p e r a t i o n &
Maintenance- Staff Education
1 0 0 0
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Credit 3.2 B u i l d i n g O p e r a t i o n &
Maintenance-Building System
Maintenance
1 0 0 0
Credit 3.3 B u i l d i n g o p e r a t i o n &
Maintenance- building System
Monitoring
1 0 0 0
Credit 4 Additional Ozone Protection 1 1 1 1
Credit 5.1 Performance Measurement-
Enhanced Metering (4 specific
actions)
1 1 1 1
Credit 5.2 Performance Measurement-
Enhanced Metering (8 specific
actions)
1 0 0 0
Credit 5.3 Performance Measurement-
Enhanced Metering (12
specific actions)
1 0 0 0
Credit 5.4 Performance Measurement-
E m i s s i o n R e d u c t i o n
Reporting
1 0 0 0
Credit 6 Documen ting Sus ta in ab le
Building Cost Impacts
1 0 0 0
TOTAL 23 3 3 4
TABLE 4.4 LEED EB MATERIALS & RESOURCES 16 POINTS
3 -
BDRM
2-BDRM1 -
BDRMPrereq1.1 Source Reduction & Waste
Management- Waste Stream
Audit
Required NO NO NO
Prereq 1.2 Source Reduction & Waste
Management-S torage &
Collection
Required YES YES YES
Prereq 2 To xi c M a te r ia l s So ur c e
Reduction-Reduced Mercury
in Light Bulbs
Required NO NO NO
Credit 1.1 Construction, Demolition &
R e n o v a t i o n W a s t e
Management-Divert 50%
1 1 1 1
Credit 1.2 Construction. Demolition &
R e n o v a t i o n W a s t e
Management-Divert 75%
1 0 0 0
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Credit 2.1 Optimize Use of Alternative
Materials-10% of Total
Purchase
1 1 1 1
Credit 2.2 Optimize Use of Alternative
Materials-20% of Total
Purchase
1 0 0 0
Credit 2.3 Optimize Use of Alternative
Materials-30% of Total
Purchase
1 0 0 0
Credit 2.4 Optimize Use of Alternative
Materials-40% of Total
Purchases
1 0 0 0
Credit 2.5 Optimize Use of Alternative
Materials-50% of Total
Purchase
1 0 0 0
Credit 3.1 Op t imi ze U s e o f IAQ
Complaint Products-45% o
Annual Purchase
1 0 0 0
Credit 3.2 Op t imi ze U s e o f IAQ
Complaint Products-90% o
Annual Purchases
1 0 0 0
Credit 4.1 S u s t a i n a b l e C l e a n i n g
Products & Materials-30% o
Annual Purchase
1 0 0 0
Credit 4.2 S u s t a i n a b l e C l e a n i n g
Products & Materials-60% o
Annual Purchase
1 0 0 0
Credit 4.3 S u s t a i n a b l e C l e a n i n g
Products & Materials-90% o
Annual Purchase
1 0 0 0
Credit 5.1 Occupant Recycling- Recycle
30% of the Total Waste
Stream
1 0 0 0
Credit 5.2 Occupant Recycling-Recycle
40% of the Total Waste
Stream
1 0 0 0
Credit 5.3 Occupant Recycling-Recycle
50% of the Total Waste
Stream
1 0 0 0
Credit 6 Additional Toxic Materials
Source Reduction-Reduced
Mercury in Light Bulbs
1 1 1 1
TOTAL 16 3 3 3
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TABLE 4.5 LEED EB INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUANTITY
22 POINTS
3-BDRM2-BDRM1 -
BDRMPrereq 1 Outs ide Air in troduce &
Exhaust System
Required NO NO NO
Prereq 2 E n v i r on m e n t a l To b a c c o
Smoke (ETS) Control
Required NO NO NO
Prereq 3 A s b e s t o s R e m o v a l o r
Encapsulation
Required NO NO NO
Prereq 4 PCB Removal Required NO NO NO
Credit 1 O u t s i d e A i r D e l i v e r y
Monitoring
1 0 0 0
Credit 2 Increased Ventilation 1 1 1 1
Credit 3 C o n s t r u c t i o n I A Q
Management Plan
1 1 1 1
Credit 4.1 Documenting Productivity
Imp ac t s -Ab s en tee i s m &
Healthcare Cost Impacts
1 0 0 0
Credit 4.2 Documenting Productivity
Impacts-Other Productivity
Impacts
1 0 0 0
Credit 5.1 Indoor Chemical & Pollutant
S o u r c e C o n t r o l - R e d u c e
Particulates in Air System
1 0 0 0
Credit 5.2 Indoor chemical & PollutantSource Control-Isolation o
High Volume Copy/Print/Fax
Room
1 0 0 0
Credit 6.1 Controllability of Systems-
Lighting
1 0 0 0
Credit 6.2 Controllability of Systems-
Temperature & Ventilation
1 0 0 0
Credit 7.1 Thermal Comfort- Compliance 1 1 1 1
Credit 7.2 Thermal Comfort-Permanent
Monitoring System
1 0 0 0
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Credit 8.1 Daylight & Views-Daylight for
50% of Spaces
1 1 1 1
Credit 8.2 Daylight & Views-Daylight for
75% of Spaces
1 1 1 1
Credit 8.3 Daylight & Views-Daylight for
45% of Spaces
1 1 1 1
Credit 8.4 Daylight & Views- Daylight
for 90% of Spaces
1 0 1 1
Credit 9 Contemporary IAQ Practice 1 0 0 0
Credit 10.1 Green Cleaning- Entryway
System
1 1 1 1
Credit 10.2 Green Cleaning- Isolation o
Janitorial Closets
1 0 0 0
Credit 10.3 G r e e n C l e a n i n g - L o w
E n v i r o n m e n t a l I m p a c t
Cleaning Policy
1 0 0 0
Credit 10.4 G r e e n C l e a n i n g - L o w
E n v i r o n m e n t a l P e s t
Management Policy
1 0 0 0
Credit 10.5 G r e e n C l e a n i n g - L o w
E n v i r o n m e n t a l P e s t
Management Policy
1 0 0 0
Credit 10.6 G r e e n C l e a n i n g - L o w
E n v i r o n m e n t a l I m p a c t
Cleaning Environment Policy
1 0 0 0
TOTAL 22 7 8 8
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TABLE 4.6 LEED EB INNOVATION & DESIGN PROCESS
5 POINTS
3 -
BDRM
2-BDRM1 -
BDRMCredit 1.1 Innova t ion in Upgra des ,
Operations & Maintenance:
S p e c i f y t h e e x e m p l a r y
performance achieved (Option
A). alternatively, identify the
i n t e n t o f t h e p r o p o s e d
innovation credit, the additional
e n v i r o n m e n t a l b e n e f i t sd e l i v e r e d , t h e p r o p o s e d
requirements for compliance,
the proposed performance
m e t r i c s t o d e m o n s t r a t e
compliance and the approaches
(strategies) that might be used
to meet the requirements; meet
the proposed requirements
during the performance period
(option B)
1 1 1 1
Credit 1.2 Innovation in Operations: Same
as Credit 1.1
1 1 1 1
Credit 1.3 Innovation in Operations: Same
as Credit 1.1
1 1 1 1
Credit 1.4 Innovation in Operations: Same
as Credit 1.1
1 1 1 1
Credit 2 L E E D T M A c c r e d i t e d
Professional
1 0 0 0
5 4 4 4
Certified: 32-39 points, Silver:
40-47 points, Gold: 48-63
points, Platinum: 64-85 points
TOTAL 85 27 28 30
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TABLE 4.7 LEED ND SMART LOCATION & LINKAGES
30 POINTS
3 -
BDRM
2-BDRM1 -
BDRMPrereq.1 Smart Location Required YES YES YES
Prereq. 2 Prox imity to Water and
Wastewater Infrastructure
Required YES YES YES
Prereq. 3 I m p e r i l e d S p e c i e s a n d
Ecological Communities
Required YES YES YES
Prereq.4 Wetland and Water Body
Conservation
Required YES YES YES
Prereq. 5 Farmland Conservation Required YES YES YES
Prereq. 6 Floodplain Avoidance Required NO NO NO
Credit 1 Brownfield Redevelopment 2 0 0 0
Credit 2 High Prior ity Brownfield
Redevelopment
1 0 0 0
Credit 3 Preferred Locations 10 10 10 10
Credit 4 R e d u c e d A u t o m o b i l e
Dependence
8 8 8 8
Credit 5 Bicycle Network 1 0 0 0
Credit 6 Housing and Jobs Proximity 3 3 3 3
Credit 7 School Proximity 1 1 1 1
Credit 8 Steep Slope Protection 1 0 0 0
Credit 9 Site Design for Habitat or
Wetland Conservation
1 0 0 0
Credit 10 Restoration of Habitat or
Wetlands
1 0 0 0
Credit 11 Conservation Management o
Habitat or Wetlands
1 1 1 1
TOTAL 30 20 20 20
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TABLE 4.8 LEED ND NEIGHBOURHOOD PATTERN & DESIGN
39 POINTS
3 -
BDRM
2-BDRM1 -
BDRMPrereq.1 Open Community Required YES YES YES
Prereq. 2 Compact Development Required YES YES YES
Credit 1 Compact Development 7 7 7 7
Credit 2 Diversity of Uses 4 0 0 0
Credit 3 Diversity of Housing Types 3 3 3 3
Credit 4 Affordable Rental Housing 2 0 2 2
Credit 5 Affordable For-Sale Housing 2 0 2 2
Credit 6 Reduced Parking Footprint 2 2 2 2
Credit 7 Walkable Streets 8 8 8 8
Credit 8 Transit Facilities 1 0 0 0
Credit 9 Tr a ns po rt a ti o n D e ma n d
Management
2 0 0 0
Credit 10 A c c e s s t o S u r r o u n d i n g
Vicinity
1 1 1 1
Credit 11 Access to Public Spaces 1 1 1 1
Credit 12 Street Network 2 2 2 2
Credit 13 Access to Active Public
Spaces
1 1 1 1
Credit 14 Universal Accessibility 1 1 1 1
Credit 15 Community Outreach and
Involvement
1 1 1 1
Credit 16 Local Food Production 1 0 0 0
TOTAL 39 27 31 31
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TABLE 4.9 LEED ND GREEN CONSTRUCTION & TECH
31 POINTS
3 -
BDRM
2-BDRM1 -
BDRMPrereq.1 C o n s t r u c t i o n A c t i v i t y
Pollution Prevention
Required NO NO NO
Credit 1 L E ED C e r t i fi e d G r e en
Buildings
3 0 0 0
Credit 2 E n e r g y E f f i c i e n c y i n
Buildings
3 0 0 0
Credit 3 Reduced Water Use 3 3 3 0
Credit 4 Building Reuse and AdaptiveReuse
2 0 0 0
Credit 5 Reuse of Historic Buildings 1 0 0 0
Credit 6 Minimize Site Disturbance
through Site Design
1 1 1 1
Credit 7 Minimize Site Disturbance
during Construction
1 0 0 0
Credit 8 Contaminant Reduction in
Brownfields Remediation
1 0 0 0
Credit 9 Stormwater Management 5 5 5 5
Credit 10 Heat Island Reduction 1 0 0 0
Credit 11 Solar Orientation 1 1 1 1
Credit 12 On-Site Energy Generation 1 0 0 0
Credit 13 On-Site Renewable Energy
Sources
1 0 0 0
Credit 14 District Heating & Cooling 1 0 0 0
Credit 15 I n f r a s t r u c t u r e E n e r g y
Efficiency
1 0 0 0
Credit 16 Wastewater Management 1 1 1 1
Credit 17 R e c y c l e d C o n t e n t f o r
Infrastructure
1 0 0 0
Credit 18 C o n s t r u c t i o n W a s t e
Management
1 0 0 0
Credit 19 C o m p r e h e n s i v e W a s t e
Management
1 0 0 0
Credit 20 Light Pollution Reduction 1 1 1 1
TOTAL 31 12 12 9
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TABLE 4.10 LEED ND INNOVATION & DESIGN PROCESS
6 POINTS
3 -
BDRM
2-BDRM1 -
BDRMCredit 1.1 Innovation and Exemplary
Performance: In writing,
identify the intent of the
proposed innovation credit, the