REPORT

AMRITSAR, PUNJAB SUBMITTED BY:

Ratnam Swamy

Berkha Choudhary

Saurabh Shiwankar

Sai Prasad Gugloth

Lehari Yaddanapudi

Kalyan Nath

Aasmita Das

Sambhavi Joshi

SUBMITTED TO:

Mrs. Rajshree Kamat

MAULANA AZAD NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

BHOPAL

April 2015

REPORT

AMRITSAR, PUNJAB SUBMITTED BY:

Ratnam Swamy

Berkha Choudhary

Saurabh Shiwankar

Sai Prasad Gugloth

Lehari Yaddanapudi

Kalyan Nath

Aasmita Das

Sambhavi Joshi

SUBMITTED TO:

Mrs. Rajshree Kamat

MAULANA AZAD NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

BHOPAL

April 2015

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

PREFACE

ABSTRACT

TABLE OF CONTENTACKNOWLEDGEMENT…………………………………………………………………………………………………..i

PREFACE……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….ii

ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..iii

LIST OF CONTENT…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..iv-v

LIST OF FIGURES…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….vi

LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..vi

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………………………1-1

1.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………..1-1

1.2 Background………………………………………………………………………………………….1-1

1-3 Aims and Objectives…………………………………………………………………………….1-1

CHAPTER 2: LOCATION………………………………………………………………………………………………2-1

2.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………….2-1

2.2 Physiography…………………………………………………………………………………………2-1

CHAPTER 3: DEMOGRAPHY……………………………………………………………………………………....3-1

3.1 Population Growth…………………………………………………………………………………3-1

3.2 Literacy rate……………………………………………………………………………………………3-1

3.3 Sex Ratio…………………………………………………………………………………………………3-1

3.4 Caste Composition…………………………………………………………………………………3-1

3.5 Rural and urban population…………………………………………………………………..3-1

CHAPTER 4: TRANSPORTATION………………………………………………………………………………….4-1

4.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………....4-1

CHAPTER 5: LAND USE…………………………………………………………………………………………….5-1

CHAPTER 6: INFRASTRUCTURE………………………………………………………………………………..6-1

CHAPTER 7: ECONOMY…………………………………………………………………………………………..7-1

7.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………..7-1

7.2 Work Face Participation……………………………………………………………………7-1

7.3 Trade and Commerce………………………………………………………………………7-2

7.4 Industries……………………………………………………………………………………….7-2

7.5 Heritage Resources…………………………………………………………………………7-2

7.6 Other amenities……………………………………………………………………………..7-2

CHAPTER 8: TOURISM…………………………………………………………………………………………..8-1

CHAPTER 9: MAJOR PROJECTS……………………………………………………………………………...9-1

CHAPTER 10: MASTER PLANS……………………………………………………………………………….10-1

CHAPTER 11: REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………………………….11-1

LIST OF FIGURES

Fig.NO.1.1:City Development Planning Process

Fig.No.2.1:Rainfall & Temperature

Fig.No.2.2:Weather Phenomena

Fig.No.3.1:Population Growth

LIST OF TABLES

CHAPTER 1

1.1 Introduction:

Punjab, the land of five rivers, has land with prosperity. The plains of Punjab, with their fertile soil and abundant water supply, are naturally suited to be the breadbasket for India. For a major period in the second half of the 20th century, Punjab led the other states in India to achieve self-sufficiency in crop production. The current state of Punjab was formed in1966, the state was organized into three smaller states - Punjab, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh

AMRITSAR historically also known as Rāmdāspur and colloquially as Ambarsar, is a city in north-western part in India. It is home to the Harmandir Sahib (commonly known as the Golden Temple), the spiritual and cultural centre for the Sikh religion.

1.2 Background:

The Government of Punjab through Municipal Corporation Amritsar (MCA) has decided to take up preparation of City Development Plan - Amritsar 2025 under Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM). The thrust of the JNNURM is to ensure improvement in urban governance and service delivery so that Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) become financially sound and sustainable for undertaking new programme. It is also envisaged that, with the charter of reforms that are followed by the State governments and ULBs, a stage will be set for Public Private Participations (PPP). The duration of the Mission is seven years beginning from the year 2005-2006. Evaluation of the experience of implementation of the Mission is to undertaken before the commencement of Eleventh Five Year Plan.

1.3 Aims and Objectives:

The aim is to encourage reforms and fast track planned development of the identified cities under JNNURM. Focus is to be on efficiency in urban infrastructure and service delivery mechanisms, community participation and accountability of ULBs/Parastatal agencies towards citizens. The objectives of the JNNURM are to ensure that the following are achieved in the urban sector:

Focus on attention to integrated development of infrastructure services. Establishment of linkages between asset-creation and asset-management through a

initiation of a set of reforms. Ensuring adequate funds to meet the deficiencies in urban infrastructure services. Planned development. Scale-up delivery of amenities. Provision of utilities to the urban poor. Reducing congestion through urban renewal programme for the old city. Security of tenure at affordable prices, improved housing, water supply and sanitation, and Ensuring delivery of other existing universal services of the government for education,

health and social security.

1.4 History:

INTRODUCTION

Amritsar is one of the largest cities of the Punjab state in India. The city origin lies in the village of Tung, and was named after the lake founded by the fourth Sikh Guru Ram Das in 1574 on land bought by him for 700 rupees from the owners of the village of Tung. . It could not be completed before 1588. In 1574, Guru Ram Das built his residence and moved to this place. At that time, it was known as Guru Da Chakk.

OPERATION BLUE STAR (3– 6 June 1984) was an Indian military operation ordered by Indira Gandhi, then Prime Minister of India to curb and remove Sikh militants from the Golden Temple in Amritsar. Official reports put the number of deaths among the Indian army at 83.Four months after the operation, on 31 October 1984, Indira Gandhi was assassinated by two of her Sikh bodyguards in what is viewed as an act of vengeance. Following her assassination, more than 3,000 Sikhs were killed in anti-Sikh programs.

PARTITION OF BRITISH INDIA into India and Pakistan had a most profound effect on the demographics, economics, and culture, political and social structures of Amritsar. The state of Punjab was divided between India and Pakistan and Amritsar became a border city, often on the front lines of India-Pakistan wars. The Indian National Congress had similar aims of incorporating Lahore into India as Lahore was the cultural, economic, and political capital of undivided Punjab and Hindus and Sikhs constituted nearly 50% of the population, but Lahore became a part of Pakistan. Amritsar and Lahore experienced some of the worst communal riots during the partition of India.

The JALLIANWALA BAGH MASSACRE , involving the killing of hundreds of Indian civilians on the orders of a senior British military officer, Reginald Edward Harry Dyer, took place on 13 April 1919 in the heart of Amritsar, the holiest city of the Sikhs, on a day sacred to them as the birth anniversary of the Khalsa (Vaisakhi day). On 10 April 1919, Satya Pal and Saifuddin Kitchlew, two popular proponents of the Satyagraha movement led by Gandhi, were called to the deputy commissioner's residence, arrested and sent off by car to Dharamsetla, a hill town, now in Himachal Pradesh. This led to a general strike in Amritsar. Excited groups of citizens soon merged into a crowd of about 50,000 marching on to protest to the deputy commissioner against the arrest of the two leaders. The crowd, however, was stopped and fired upon near the railway foot-bridge. According to the official version, the number of those killed was 12 and of those wounded between 20 and 30. Evidence before an inquiry of the Indian National Congress put the number of the dead between 20 and 30.

Three days later, on 13 April, the traditional festival of Baisakhi, thousands of Sikhs, Muslims and Hindus gathered in the Jallianwala Bagh. An hour after the meeting began as scheduled at 16:30, Dyer arrived with a group of sixty-five Gurkha and twenty-five Baluchi soldiers. Without warning the crowd to disperse, Dyer blocked the main exits and ordered his troops to begin shooting toward the densest sections of the crowd. Firing continued for approximately ten minutes. A British inquiry into the massacre placed the death toll at 379. The Indian National Congress determined that approximately 1,000 people were killed.

1.5 Scope of work:

The JNNURM requires a City Development Plan (CDP) and financial strategy to be prepared as a precondition for cities under this mission.The CDP should be prepared within the framework of draft Master Plan of Amritsar.The CDP's scope focuses on:

Improvement in infrastructure level. -- Strengthening of municipal government and their financial accounting etc. Accountability and transparency

1.6 City Development Planning Process

The City Development plan' presents a perspective of and a vision for future development of the city. Essentially it addresses the following questions: 1. Where are we now? 2. Where do we want to go? 3. What issues do we need to address on a priority basis? 4. What interventions do we make in order to fulfil the vision?The framework for preparing CDP as outlined in JNNURM toolkit is presented below. The key aspect of preparation of CDP is that of involving community in decision process.

SOURCE: CITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN AMRITSAR

Figure 1.6 CITY DEVELOPMENT PLANNING PROCESS

CHAPTER 2

LOCATION

2.1 Geography:

Punjab extends from the latitudes 29.30° North to 32.32° North and longitudes 73.55° East to 76.50° East. It is bounded on the west by Pakistan, on the north by Jammu and Kashmir, on the northeast by Himachal Pradesh and on the south by Haryana and Rajasthan. Due to the presence of a large number of rivers, most of the Punjab is a fertile plain. The southeast region of the state is semi-arid and gradually presents a desert landscape. A belt of undulating hills extends along the north-eastern part of the state at the foot of the Himalayas. Amritsar is located at 31.63°N 74.87°Ewith an average elevation of 234 metres (768 ft).

2.2 Climate:

The climate is characterized by generally dry weather except in the brief southwest monsoon season, a hot summer and bracing winter. November to March is cold season, April to June is hot season, July to September is monsoon and following period till November is post monsoon season. Amritsar receives on an average 601.5 mm of rainfall with 32.7 rainy days.The following exhibit depicts the climatic characteristics prevailing in Punjab state. The general rainfall and temperature distribution throughout the year has been depicted below:SOURCE: CLIMATE OF PUNJAB, INDIAN METROLOGICAL DEPARTMENT, 1996

Figure 2.1 RAINFALL AND TEMPERATURE

Special weather phenomena are as follows:

SOURCE: CLIMATE OF PUNJAB, INDIAN METROLOGICAL DEPARTMENT, 1996

Figure 2.2 WEATHER PHENOMENON

2.3 Physiography:

Amritsar district lays between the Beas River to the east and the Ravi River the Upper Bari Doab, is one of the inter-fluvial tracts of the Punjab Plain. The Beas River separates the Amritsar district from Kapurthala district. Amritsar has an altitude of 230 m from ASL. It is bowl shaped hence floods certain areas with even small rainfall. The track is alluvial plain with light reddish yellow clayey soil.The important physiographic division of the district is as follows:(a) Upland Plain,(b) The flood pain of the Ravi,(c) The Bluff along the Beas,(d) The floodplain of the Sutlej,(e) The district is a continuous level plain unbroken by hills on valleys with a flat topography

It is mainly an agricultural district. The principal kharif crops are paddy, cotton, maize and sugarcane, whereas main ones or subsidiary crops are kharif vegetables. The principal rabi crops are wheat, gram, barley and bar seem. Amritsar caters the need of surrounding areas as a major commercial centre and agriculture product distribution centre.

2.4 Physical Growth of the city:

Maharaja Ranjit Singh built the walled city in 1825. The city is within a depression and by the year 1849 the wall started crumbling, some part of it was reconstructed, and it had 12 strong gates for protection of its traders from invaders. It has a lot of commercial activity and many old bazaars still existing. At present, it suffers from uncontrolled urban sprawl in its peripheral region, incompatible land use structure, shortage of housing, overcrowding, dilapidated buildings, slums and blighted areas. Inadequacies in the circulation system compound the problem further. The new developments have mostly taken place in northern part of the G.T. road. It has spread in form of ribbon and radial type of development. The growth is mainly unplanned and irregular.CHAPTER 3

3.1 Population growth:

The city continued to grow even during the first half of the 20th century as shown in Table5.1 and figure 5.1. As per the Census record (1868-2011) the city has been growing with marked fluctuations. Maximum recorded decadal growth of population was +65.30 percent in 1931 and the lowest, -16.69 per cent in 1951 due to the partition in 1947.

Table 3.1 POPULATION GROWTH OF AMRITSAR CITY

SOURCE: CENSUS OF INDIA 1981, 1991, 2001, 2011

DEMOGRAPHY

SOURCE: CITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN AMRITSAR

Figure 3.1 POPULATION GROWTH OF AMRITSAR

3.2 Density:

Density of population is the number persons living in an area. This is usually increasing inall cities where population is increasing at higher rate than the growth of the city in terms of area. Similarly, in case of Amritsar, its density has also been consistently increasing but at a slow pace because population is growing at a slow pace. Table 5.2 and Fig 5.2 indicate that gross density of city has increased from 63.61 persons per hectare in 1991 to 79.56 persons per hectare in 2011. The population of the city is not evenly distributed because it varies from area to area i.e. there are certain areas such as walled city which is more densely populated and some are sparsely populated because they have been developed in a planned way.

Table 3.2 POPULATION DENSITY OF AMRITSAR

SOURCE: CENSUS OF INDIA

3.3 Literacy rate:

The present literacy rate of Amritsar is 85.25. It has been observed that it has been consistently increasing in Amritsar from 1991 to 2011 as shown in Table 5.6 and Figure 5.5 .The city’s literacy rate is higher than the Punjab state (76 percent in 2011).

Table 3.3 LITERACY RATE OF AMRITSAR

SOURCE: CENSUS OF INDIA

SOURCE: CENSUS OF INDIA

Figure 3.4 LITERACY RATE (IN PERCENTAGE

3.4 Sex Ratio:

SOURCE: 1CENSUS OF INDIAFigure 3.2 POPULATION DENSITY OF AMRITSAR

SOURCE: CENSUS OF INDIA

The overall sex ratio of Amritsar city is 879 in 2011. There has been decrease in the sex ratio of MC Amritsar from 883 in 1991 to 865 in 2001.But again it has increased to 879 in 2011.

3.5 Caste Composition:The scheduled castes accounted for 28.85 per cent of total population in Punjab in 2001, much higher than all India average of 16.2 percent. In case of urban areas they are underrepresented and within the urban areas their proportion varies according to size of a city. Bigger the size of the city smaller is the proportion of scheduled castes.

CHAPTER 4

TRANSPORTATION

4.1 Introduction:

The city lies on the main Grand Trunk Road (GT Road) from Delhi to Amritsar connecting to Lahore in Pakistan. The G. T. Road, built by Sher Shah Suri, runs through the whole of the northern half of the Indian subcontinent, connecting Peshawar, Pakistan to Sonargaon, Bangladesh. The city is also connected to most other major cities such as New Delhi, Mumbai, Calcutta by an extensive network of rail system. The city also provides air connectivity to major Indian cities, as well as international cities such as Birmingham, Toronto, Dubai, Singapore, Tashkent, Ashgabat, London etc. from the Raja Sansi International Airport, recently renamed as Guru Ramdas International Airport. The airport is being developed for increasing demand in future; a new International inbound and outbound terminal is operational, and a cargo terminal is under construction. The city is the administrative centre for the Amritsar District. However, it did not become the industrial centre of Punjab due to its proximity to the volatile Indo-Pakistan border.

4.2 Road:

Amritsar is well connected at regional level with the road network. NH -1 connects the city to Jalandhar through Beas towards the Eastern side and NH-15 links the region with Tarn Taran District towards Southern side. These two national highways connect the city to other nearby urban centres. The city also has a good linkage to Lahore, Pakistan through Wagha Border towards the west direction.

4.3 Railway:

The city of Amritsar is well connected by broad gauge rail network with other parts of country. It is also connected to the Wagha border and Pakistan. There are total three stations located within the municipal limits of Amritsar.

4.4Airport:

Amritsar is Punjab's interface to the world. Being a major religious destination and also an important link of the Non-Resident Indian (NRI) population to their native land, International linkages are very important for the city.The city has an international airport, which is located on Ajnala Road, 15 km from the Amritsar Railway Station, near Raja Sansi Village. The city is well connected to Delhi, Srinagar and Chandigarh by regular domestic flights. The international flights are mainly destined to Afghanistan, Birmingham, China, Singapore, Toronto etc. There are a total of 74 flights per week. There has been a tremendous increase in the number of passengers from 2004 onwards. The Government of India has decided to upgrade the airport at the cost of Rs. 79.26 cr. In the year 2008-09, the second terminal is expected to open.

4.5 Transportation Network:

The road network of the Amritsar City is radial-cum circumferential covering an area of 135 sq. km. The total road length is about 525 km. The G.T. Road passes through the centre of the city connecting both ends of the National Highways bypass. The other important roads that connect to other parts of the city are mentioned below (Refer Map 5.1)

Ram Tirath Road connecting the city with Chogawan; Airport Road connecting the city with Ajnala, Other major roads like FatehgarhChurian road connecting to FatehgarhChurian town,

Majitha Road to Majitha town, Kashmir road leading towards Batala connects Batala, Gurdaspur, Pathankote and finally Jammu &Shrinagar.

The G.T. Road connects Amritsar with the Wagha (Pakistan Border) on one end and to Jalandhar on the other end. The southern connection of the city viz. Tarn-Taran links the city to Ferozpur and parts of Rajasthan.

Fig.5.1 maintenance of roads in Amritsar

CHAPTER 5

5.1 Introduction:

Land use of a city reveals the nature, character and various function of a city. The present study of land use is based on the recently prepared draft master plan .Land use of a city reveals the nature, character and various functions of a city. The present study of land use is based on the recently prepared draft master plan of Amritsar by Sai Consulting Engineers Pvt. Ltd. Ahmedabad for Punjab Urban Planning and Development Authority (PUDA). They got the base map of Amritsar city from Punjab Remote Sensing Centre, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana and it was updated and authenticated by Divisional Town planner Amritsar, consequently, final land use map was prepared. Amritsar M.C has total area of 14237.22 hectares in the year 2010.Out of this 8334.05 hectares is developed area of the city, which constitute 58.54 percent of the total area.

LAND

5.2 Residential:

To provide living area is one of the important functions of a city, therefore, the area under residential use constitutes major component of the developed area in any city. Similarly, Amritsar city has 51 percent of the developed area under this use, which includes both planned and unplanned development.This shows that the major part of the city has been developed without proper planning which is evident from that fact that 51 percent of the city area has developed in haphazardly or in unplanned way. The unplanned development has been manifested in the form of walled city, 63 slums and 158 unauthorised colonies in the city (refer annexures 4.1 and 4.2.). The gross density of the city is 69 persons per hectare (PPH). The walled city has very high population density (300 PPH) while the areas outside it have medium to low density.Planned development and low density are positively associated with each other. The walled city is marked by mixed land use, narrow streets/lanes, high rise and dilapidated structures with low light and ventilation and it has developed organically in unplanned way. It has been observed that the planned development in the city in the form of Town Planning andDevelopment Scheme such as Ranjit Avenue, Rani ka Bagh etc. have been concentrated mainly in the north of the city while the south of the city has remained predominantly unplanned and haphazard residential development.

5.3 Commercial:

To serve the residents in a city, there is need of shops and other commercial establishments which is grouped under commercial use in planning. Like residential use commercial use in the city have both type of development i.e. planned and unplanned. The area under commercial use constitutes 4.72 percent of the total developed area. The city has sufficient area under this use reflecting its importance and contribution in the economy of the city. The walled city has 22 specialized markets such as Hall Bazaar, Katra Sher Singh, Katra Jaimal Singh, Guru Bazaar, etc. of different nature and serve as the Central Business District. These commercial areas have mixed land use with commercial on the ground floor and residential on above floors.

5.4 Industrial:

Industry is the base of economic life in the city. In metros, area under this use should be in range of 12 to 14 percent of the developed area. In Amritsar city there are 12166 small-scale industrial units with 13 medium to large scale industrial units covering total area of 445.73 hectares which is 5.35 percent of the developed area.

5.5 Recreational:

Recreational use includes playgrounds, stadiums, sports complexes, parks and grounds. Asper the existing land use recreational use in the city comes out to be 1.5 percent (124.89 ha) of the developed area. There is also one stadium commonly known as Gandhi Ground present in the city located on M.M. Malviya Road. Apart from these two, there are small parks/ playgrounds located within the planned residential colonies/areas of the city.Public and Semi Public:This use comprises of the area under educational and research institutions, medical and health institutions, social, cultural and religious building, cremation and burial grounds, Govt. /SemiGovt. offices, Govt. lands etc. In Amritsar city 738.22 hectares are under this use which is 8.86 percent of the total developed area of the city.Government Land:This is the land under defence use. It covers a total area of 882.14 hectares that is 10.58 percent of the developed area and 6.20 percent of the total municipal area of the city (14237.22 hectares). This huge chunk of land is located on the west of the city. Agriculture: About two fifths of MC area is under this use, which is approximately 5903.17 hectares. The area under this category includes area under water bodies, vacant land, plantation, orchards and areaunder agriculture/cropped land.

Special Area: There are two prominent special areas existing in the Amritsar city that is “GobindgarFort” which is declared as Protected Monument by the Archaeological Survey of India and the other is ‘Jallianwala Bagh’ located near to Golden temple.CHAPTER 6

INFRASTRUCTURE6.1 Infrastructure:

Punjab infrastructure is impressive and healthy, with an average growth rate of 10%, due to the advantageous natural resources the state is blessed with.

Surrounded by Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Rajasthan, and Pakistan, Punjab has always been known as the “Granary of India” and has the best food production rate in India.

Amritsar is one of the most important cities of Northern India and therefore much care is taken to develop and maintain its infrastructure. Separate budgets have been made to accelerate the growth, development and maintenance of sewage management, roads, water and a mass system of rapid

transit system. Amritsar is witnessing a paramount growth in the development of high rise, malls and parks.

Roads in the city are bring broadened and being connected to the crucial destination. Infrastructure of Amritsar has attained a new dimension with the renovation of the Raja Sansi International Airport

Figure 4 Existing land use of AMRITSAR

which now has a new terminal. The urban planning sector is working hard to improve the housing and transport infrastructure of Amritsar.

It is estimated that 80% of the total population of Amritsar has access to potable drinking water supply and that 51 of the 60 wards are served. The remaining 9 wards are reported as having “partial water supply “meaning that the area of coverage is limited.

CHAPTER 7

7.1 Introduction:

As stated earlier, Amritsar is mainly a trade and religious tourism centre. It is also among the 20 focal point industrial estates as identified by State Government of Punjab. Historically, the city has been part of international trade routes like the ancient silk route from China to Europe. With the improvements in the bilateral ties with Pakistan, the city may re-emerge as a 'gateway to west' and prominent trade hub of the Northern India.Post-independence, Punjab has made considerable economic progress despite the setback it suffered in 1947. It contributes nearly two third of the total production of food grains of the country. The state is also ranked third in the total milk production in the country. It is the leading producer of wheat at a total production of 2 million tonnes per annum. The initiative of Green revolution (a major agricultural initiative) has been keenly taken forward by the people of Punjab. Amritsar, being very important city of Punjab has with its strategic location, has potentials to have vibrant and sustainable economic activities encompassing all the sectors such as agriculture, live stock production, industries and trade.

7.2 Work Force, Participation:

ECONOMY

In the period of 1971-2001, the number of total workers has increased almost three times from 1, 22,038 to 3,22,214. The work participation rate according to Census of India 2001 is 34.33 %. Around 89 % of the people are engaged in the secondary and tertiary sector1 service sector.

According to study conducted by the "Economic intelligence Service, Centre for monitoringIndian Economic Private Limited" the following percentage distribution of major activities has emerged for Amritsar and its surroundings urban areas:

It can be observed that activities related to service / tertiary sector pre-dominate in Amritsar and also in the surrounding urban centres.

7.3 Trade and commerce:

Trading sector absorbs 59% of the workforce. The major commodities for trade include various silk

products; woollens mainly in demand are pashmina and reffal shawls, Phulkari – traditional embroidery, blankets, carpet, copper, brass utensils, dry fruits and tea. The important retail and wholesale business centres in Amritsar are Talhi Sahib Bazaar, Katra, Jamailsingh, Majith Mandi, Shastri market and Kathain bazaar etc. Amritsar (MC) Tarn Taran (MC) Patti (MC) .Apart from textile manufacturing, Amritsar is also one of the biggest grain markets in Punjab. The important items include wheat, maize, gram, rice and gur. The city is also famous for rich cuisine and milk products.

7.4 Industries:

The main industries of the city are wool, cotton and textile mills as well as dairy and light engineering works. Farming is a major employer in the region producing crops including cotton, barley, oilseed, pulses, potatoes, rice, sugarcane, wheat and tobacco. Amritsar has witnessed several historical events leading to change in the character of the city over the years. Since, independence, the industrial sector has also seen many fluctuations in its growth. It is observed that number of industries located on the periphery of the city do not conform to pollution control standards. It is a matter of concern that number of small industries are shutting down. About 200 units have been already closed down leaving more than 8000 workers jobless in industries on Batala road. It is estimated that another 175 units may also close down due to the import of cloth from Surat and Ahmedabad.

7.5 Heritage resources:

The city of Amritsar has developed around the most sacred religious place for the Sikhs, namely the Golden Temple. The 12 gates in the city wall are the entry point to a rich heritage zone comprising of katras, courtyard houses, bustling bazaars. The importance of the holy city Amritsar is due to the presence of the Golden temple and Akal Takhat, one of the five Takhats of Sikh religions. Over 10 to 15 million tourists, from all over the world visit Amritsar every year during Baisakhi, Diwali, Sangrand Amasya, all the important days related with the life of the ten Sikh Gurus and that of Shri Guru Granth Sahib. Daily visitors to the city of Amritsar are estimated to be about 70,000 mostly from within the state. Other places of interest includes: Jallianwala Bagh, Wagah Border, Durgiana Temple, Gurudwara Baba Attal, Gurudwara Baba Deep Singh, Ram Tirth Temple etc. There are 70 national and international flights arrive and depart from Amritsar every week and the visits of NRls and foreign tourists vary between 500 to 5000 per week.

7.6 Other amenities:

The city has one major university (Guru Nanak Dev. University), one medical college, two dental colleges, 10 higher educational establishments and around 200 schools. The city also boasts 15 hospitals, 26 clinics, 9 public libraries and 2 stadiums.

CHAPTER 8

8.1 Heritage Sites:

Few of the buildings and heritage sites, which need to be conserved, are discussed below:

Sri Hari Mandir Sahib ComplexThe architectural prototype of the Golden Temple came ‘into being as an idea combining the dharamshala and the tank envisaged by Guru Arjan, the son and successor of Guru Ram Das. Also it had four entrances, symbolic of the new faith, which made no distinction between the four Hindu castes. The interior of the Shish Mahal is ornamented with small pieces of mirror, of various sizes and shapes, skilfully inlaid in the ceiling, and walls richly embellished with designs, mostly floral in character .This complex experiences intense pressure from urban development within Golden Temple in the surrounding areas.

Gandhi Gate Popularly known as Hall Gate, it is the entrance to the shopping hub of Amritsar - Hall Bazaar typical maharaja type gate with a clock and a Glow sign which reads "Amritsar - Sifti Da Ghar".

Ram Bagh GardenThe first heritage site is the Ram Bagh Garden in Amritsar with its Royal Places and Gates,Gardens, watch towers and "Baran Dari" with a beautiful layout of fountains and lawns having rare trees planted by Maharaja Ranjit Singh. The Garden is spread over 84 acres of land. It is appreciable that the Punjab Government has declared the Ram Bagh Garden and its buildings as protected monuments.

TOURISM

Gobindgarh FortIt has underground escape outlets and inlets with fortifications. This fort was mainly used as a treasury of the Sarkar-e-Khalsa and is the only Sikh fort with the longest history.

Ram Tirath TempleOn the outskirts of Amritsar is this significant historic birthplace of Lav and Kush. It is the spot where sage Valmiki's ashram stood and this is a sacred place for the Hindus where we get a glimpse of statues illustrating scenes from the Ramayana.

Maharaja Ranjit Singh MuseumAn attempt to conservation and preservation of the cultural heritage of the city of Amritsar is the Maharaja Ranjit Singh museum. Maharaja Ranjit Singh museum in the Company Bagh is a treasure house of the history, art and architecture of the Sikhs of the 18th and the 19th century.Formerly the summer residence of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, a famous Sikh king of the 19thcentury the palace now has been converted into the museum.

Jallianwala BaghAmritsar played a pivotal role in India's quest for independence, and no national monument has more significance than Jallianwala Bagh, a solemn, grim -" reminder of one of the bloodiest chapters of India's freedom movement.

Mata Mandir TempleA grand old pious lady developed this Hindu temple situated at Rani kaBagh, on the lines of holy shrine of Mata Vaishno Devi at Katra (Jammu), the temple draws crowds of devotees from far and near. Festivals are celebrated with great pomp and show.

8.2 Tourist places around Amritsar:

Wagah Border - This is the famous international border between India and Pakistan. The pomp and pageantry of theBeating Retreat and the Change of Guard within handshaking distance of the Indian and Pakistani border security forces makes for a most charming spectacle.

Harike Wetland - The lake formed at the point of confluence of rivers Beas and Sutlej at Harike ford, situated mid way between Amritsar and Ferozpur was declared as a national sanctuary in 1982.

Baba Bakala- Situated about 35 km east of Amritsar. It has a magnificent Gurudwara where people gather in thousands on every amavasya and an annual fair is held on Rakshabandhan day.

8.3 Analysis:

On basis of analysis of tourists' arrival trend in India and in its northern states, it is observed that tourists flow in year 2003 in the state of Punjab is lowest (0.07 %) in comparison to its neighbouring state. Partly this can be attributed to the absence of adequate promotional activities and partly to the lack of proper tourism infrastructure.

8.4 Issues:

The old city with its compact organisation is a case for urban renewal and conservation.Most of the heritage buildings/structures in the Walled city are in dilapidated conditionProtection and maintenance of these monuments are very poor. Most of the owners are unaware of the significance of the building and do not get any support from concerned agency1 organization.

Absence of any proper recording and certification of old structures of historical importance. New developments in the surrounding of the heritage structures, portraying lack of urban

aesthetics. Lack of fund for the maintenance and up-keep of heritage buildings. Needs for the international convention centres and multipurpose cultural centres.

Development of urban craft villages, tourist development programme and Urban Haat.

CHAPTER 9

MAJOR PROJECTS

CHAPTER 10

The state government of Punjab enacted "The Punjab Regional and Town Planning andDevelopment Act - 1995 (Punjab Act No. 11 of 1995) for the physical growth management of cities and for the equitable regional development. Draft Master Plan -2021 has been prepared for the city. The municipal corporation of Amritsar is governed by the Punjab Municipal Corporation Act 1976.The total area of the Municipal Corporation Amritsar is 139.58 sq. km, out of which 105.86 sq. km is developed and 33.72 sq. km is undeveloped. The intersection of highway and railway, divides the city into almost two parts. In the Northern side of city, there are little possibilities of expansion. The city is expanding in north-western and eastern side. More urban expansion is possible towards the south east and southwest of the city.

10.1 INTRODUCTIONThe Vision for the city has been formulated through the consensus approach and continuedconsultation with the stakeholders on strengths, current issues, concerns, problems anddesirable future focus areas.

10.2 SWOT ANALYSISAmritsar city, the most sacred place for the Sikh religion, has a strong religious, socio-culturalbase and a historical origin. As part of undivided India, the city enjoyed the status of an

MASTER PLANS

industrial and trade town with a flourishing textile industry. With partition, the city lost its

industrial base. Further its border status with Pakistan and the continued internal security madethe city unattractive to the investors. The decade of eighties saw upsurge of terrorism whichfurther eroded the economic base. In fact, these developments had multiple effects on the city'sstatus and the industries and trade investments moved out. With reduced incomes in the citythe upkeep and investments in infrastructure came to a stand still. While this happened therural populace saw the city as the only safe place with large-scale migration, reflected in thehigh rate of population growth during the 90's. This added further pressure on the already overburdened city infrastructure and coupled with slow growth in the formal jobs led to proliferationof informal sector and slum proliferation. These issues have been exaggerated by the lack ofintegrated planning, fragmented governance and weak fiscal systems.The SWOT analysis performed for Amritsar is summarized below.StrengthsThe key strengths are:Its religious significance, rich history and culture which makes the place unique andbring people from all over the world.Linked to it are its people known for their entrepreneurship and hospitality.Proactive state and local governments.

Absence of labour issues.Regional hub for education and health facilities.WeaknessesIts main weaknesses are:

The inadequacies in Infrastructure. Inadequate Growth /Land Management leading to proliferation of slums and also

constraining accessibility and mobility. Lack of focused effort on Heritage Conservation and promotion. Unemployment and growth of informal sector. Limited institutional capacities. Limited attention on provision of basic services (including housing) to the urban poor.

Opportunities The city has abundant opportunities to exploit: Tourism, as an industry is rapidly growing and Amritsar is beginning to reap the

benefits of the same. This mainly includes religious tourism around Amritsar would need to be considered for sustainable economic growth of the city. Improved security in the region presents multiple opportunities. Infrastructure Development in all sectors could be the key economic driver in the medium term. Proximity to international connectivity can transform Amritsar into a strong regional economic hub. Amritsar Airport has an international cargo centre in place and the Wagha corridor is today a global necessity for an access to Central Asia for Tourism

as well as for trade. Strong potential to emerge as a major international transit hub. SEZ under consideration. MCA holds a large amount of land under its possession which it can leverage. Access to Assistance under JNNURM.

Threats Being situated in proximity to the international border, any change in the goodwill

scenario of Indo-Pak relationship will lead to emergency situation in this urban centre leading to Negative Investor perception.

Inter-Regional Competitions for Economic Space (Ludhiana, Chandigarh).

10.3 VISION AMRITSAR 2025 THE VISION:"AMRITSAR TO BE AN INTERNATIONAL CULTURAL, HISTORICAL, PILGRIM CENTREWITH AGRO-BASED FOOD PROCESSING DESTINATION, HAVING IMPROVED WORLDCLASS URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE & TRANSPORT SYSTEM.

IT SHALL CATER NEEDS OF THE SURROUNDING SETTLEMENTS AS A CENTRAL PLACE FOR THEIR SOCIAL NEEDS LIKE HEALTH & EDUCATION. THE DEVELOPMENT SHALL BE ENVIRONMENTALLY, ECONOMICALLY AND SOCIALLY COHESIVE FOR TAPPING THE HIDDEN POTENTIALS OF THE CITY, BOTH AS A TOURISTS & CENTRE AS TRADE & COMMERCE HUB." The goals to achieve the vision are:

a. Sustainable economic development of the city based on its inherent strengths: i. Through conservation, preservation and development of heritage, culture (Urban Renewal) ii. Promotion of tourism

iii. Promotion of trade, education and industrial sectorsb. Planned city growthc. Integrated infrastructure development with a focus on strengthening existing systems, augmentation, equitable coverage and sustainabilityd. improved access to housing and urban basic services to the urban poore. Efficient and Responsive Municipal Corporation/Urban Governance

CHAPTER 11

REFERENC

ES

• http://www.asci.org.in/13thfc-urban/pdfs/ServiceDelivery/Solid.pdf as retrieved on 26January

2013

• http://punenvis.nic.in/index2.aspx?slid=97&mid=1&langid=1&sublinkid=454 a retrieved on 26

January 2013

• http://www.indianexpress.com/news/breathe-carefully-delhi-third-most-polluted-cityinindia/

• http://www.numbeo.com/pollution/city_result.jsp?country=India&city=Amritsarasretrieved 0n 18

January 2013