Final Project Report Concrete

Stairs Auto cad

Written by:Imtiaz khan LibranRoll no # 04

1 Concrete......................................................................................................................................2

1.1 Concrete:.........................................................................................................................................2

1.1.1 Advantages:..................................................................................................................................2

1.1.2 Disadvantages:...........................................................................................................................3

1.1.3 Constituents:................................................................................................................................3

1.2 Properties Of Concrete:..........................................................................................................3

1.2.1 Workabılıty:.................................................................................................................................4

1.2.1.1 Factors Affecting Workability:...........................................................................4

1.2.2 Consıstency:.................................................................................................................................4

1.2.2.1 Test Methods For Measuring Consistency:....................................................4

1.2.3 Segregatıon:.................................................................................................................................4

1.2.4 Bleedıng:........................................................................................................................................5

1.2.5 Unıformıty:...................................................................................................................................5

1.3 Type Of Concrete:...................................................................................................................... 5

1.3.1 Plain Cement Concrete:.........................................................................................................5

1.3.2 Reinforced Cement Concrete:............................................................................................5

1.3.3 Light Cement Concret:............................................................................................................6

1.3.4 Pre Stressed Concrete:...........................................................................................................6

1.3.5 Rein Forced Concrete:............................................................................................................6

2 Stair...............................................................................................................................................7

2.1 Stair:.................................................................................................................................................. 7

2.2 Parts Of Stair:............................................................................................................................... 7

2.3 Type Of Stair:................................................................................................................................8

2.3.1 Straight Flight:............................................................................................................................9

2.3.2 Quarter Turn:..............................................................................................................................9

2.3.3 Dog-Legged/ Half Turn:.........................................................................................................9

2.3.4 Open Well/ Open Newel:.......................................................................................................9

2.3.5 Circular/ Spiral........................................................................................................................10

2.4 Requirements For Good Stair:.........................................................................................10

2.4.1 Fixing The Going And The Rise Of A Step:................................................................10

3 auto cad.....................................................................................................................................11

3.1 Auto Cad:...................................................................................................................................... 11

3.2 Types Of Drawings:................................................................................................................11

3.2.1 Two Dimensional:..................................................................................................................11

3.2.2 Three Dimensional:..............................................................................................................12

3.3 Uses And Benefits Of AutoCAD:.......................................................................................12

3.4 Commands:................................................................................................................................. 12

3.4.1 Line:................................................................................................................................................12

3.4.1.1 Method To Draw A Line:.....................................................................................12

3.4.2 Rectangle:...................................................................................................................................13

3.4.3 Break:............................................................................................................................................13

3.4.4 Rotate:...........................................................................................................................................14

3.4.5 Polygon:.......................................................................................................................................14

3.4.6 Construction Lines:...............................................................................................................14

3.4.7 Poly Line:.....................................................................................................................................15

3.4.8 Area:...............................................................................................................................................15

3.4.9 Layers:..........................................................................................................................................16

3.4.10 Array:.............................................................................................................................................16

3.4.10.1 Rectangular Array:............................................................................................17

3.4.11 Polar Array:...............................................................................................................................17

1 CONCRETE

1.1 Concrete:

Concrete is a product or mass, made by the use of cement, water and aggregates (fine and course).

There is some fact about concrete;

Concrete is one of the most commonly used building materials.

Concrete is a composite material made from several readily available constituents (aggregates, sand, cement, water).

Concrete is a versatile material that can easily be mixed to meet a variety of special needs and formed to virtually any shape.

1.1.1 Advantages:

There is some advantage of concrete;

Ability to be cast

Economical

Durable

Fire resistant

Energy efficient

On-site fabrication

1.1.2 Disadvantages:

There is some disadvantage of concrete;

Low tensile strength

Low ductility

Volume instability

Low strength to weight ratio

1.1.3 Constituents:

These are the main constituents of concrete;

Cement

Water

Fine Aggregates

Coarse Aggregates

Admixtures

1.1.4 Mixing Of Concrete:

After measuring the different ingredients of concrete the next operation is their mixing. The mixing should ensure that the mass becomes homogeneous, uniform in colour and consistency. Segregation should not take place during mixing operation. There are two methods of mixing.

Hand mixing Machine mixing

1.1.4.1 Method Of Transportation Of Of Concrete:

Some method of concrete mixing;

Steel pan method By wheel barrow By dumper By tripper By truck mixer By tower lift By cable way By crane By pumping

1.1.5 Transportation Of Concrete:

Factor affecting of transportation of concrete;

Time factor Prevention from segregation Check against loss of water Easement in use Yield of concrete

1.2 Properties Of Concrete:

Fresh concrete contain these some properties;

Workability

Consistency

Segregation

Bleeding

Uniformity

1.2.1 Workabılıty:

It is desirable that freshly mixed concrete be relatively easy to transport, place, compact and finish without harmful segregation. A concrete mix satisfying these conditions is said to be workable.

1.2.1.1 Factors Affecting Workability:

Some effecting workability factor is

Method and duration of transportation

Quantity and characteristics of cementing materials

Aggregate grading, shape and surface texture

Quantity and characteristics of chemical admixtures

Amount of water

Amount of entrained air

Concrete & ambient air temperature

1.2.2 Consıstency:

Consistency is the fluidity or degree of wetness of concrete.

It is generally dependent on the shear resistance of the mass.

It is a major factor in indicating the workability of freshly mixed concrete.

1.2.2.1 Test Methods For Measuring Consistency:

Most use test for measuring consistency are;

Flow test → measures the amount of flow

Kelly-Ball test → measures the amount of penetration

Slump test (Most widely used test!)

Slump Test:

Measure the slump by determining the vertical difference between the top of the mold and the displaced original center of the top surface of the specimen. The slump cone is filled in 3 layers. Every layer is evenly rodded 25 times.

1.2.3 Segregatıon:

Segregation refers to a separation of the components of fresh concrete, resulting in a non-uniform mix

The primary causes of segregation are differences in specific gravity and size of constituents of concrete. Moreover, improper mixing, improper placing and improper consolidation also lead to segregation.

1.2.4 Bleedıng:

Bleeding is

Bleeding is the tendency of water to rise to the surface of freshly placed concrete.

It is caused by the inability of solid constituents of the mix to hold all of the mixing water as they settle down.

A special case of segregation.

1.2.4.1 Undesirable Effects Of Bleeding Are:

• With the movement of water towards the top, the top portion becomes weak & porous (high w/c). Thus the resistance of concrete to freezing-thawing decreases.

• Water rising to the surface carry fine particles of cement which weaken the top portion and form laitance. This portion is not resistant to abrasion.

• Water may accumulate under the coarse agg. and reinforcement. These large voids under the particles may lead to weak zones and reduce the bond between paste and agg. or paste and reinforcement.

1.2.5 Unıformıty:

Due to heteregeneous nature of concrete, there will always be some variations. These variations are grouped as:

– Within-Batch Variations : inadequate mixing, non-homogeneous nature

– Batch-to-Batch Variations : type of materials used, changes in gradation of aggregates, changes in moisture content of aggregates

1.3 Type Of Concrete:

There are many type of concrete. Some of them we discuss here

Plain cement concrete Reinforced cement concrete Light cement concrete Pre stressed cement concrete Reinforced brick

1.3.1 Plain Cement Concrete:

Simplest form of concrete which is the mixture of cement water and aggregate It is strong in compression and week in tension. So it is generally used when there is no possibility of tensile stress its density is 144 lb/ft3.

1.3.2 Reinforced Cement Concrete:

As plain cement concrete is week in tension. The strength of concrete increase by providing steel bars and the resulting concrete is called reinforced cement concrete. It density is 150 lb/ft3.

1.3.3 Light Cement Concret:

Concrete having density less than 100 lb/ft3. Is called has light weight concrete. Is used for partition wall or non load bearing wall it is produced by using 1. Light weight aggregate 2. Air entrained cement

1.3.4 Pre Stressed Concrete:

Prescreened concrete is 3 to 4 time more strength then that ordinary concrete. In this technique compression is produced at the bottom due to which its ability to resist the load is increased in bridge guarder and railways sleepers are mostly constricted following the pre stressed concrete.

1.3.5 Reinforced Concrete:

In this type of concrete some portion of concrete is replaced by bricks. It is cheaper to same extend then RCC but strength of concrete is decreased. It is never recommended where there is direct contact to mixture if will transfer the mixture to concrete and steel due to which strength of concrete is decreased.

2 STAIR

2.1 Stair:

A stair is a convenient means of access between the floors of a building. It is constructed to provide ready, easy, comfortable and safe ascent/descent with series of steps that are neither laborious nor difficult to climb within an enclosure called stairwell (staircase). Stairs may be made from timber, bricks, stone, metal and plain and reinforced cement concrete. Finishing of marble, tiles, plaster, etc. are also provided.

2.2 Parts Of Stair:

a stair consist on these part

Flight: Flight is an uninterrupted series of steps between floors or between floor and landings, or between landing and landing.

Landing: Flat platform at the head of a series of steps.

Stairwell: The space in which stair/landing are housed.

Tread: it is the upper surface of a step on which the foot is placed during ascent/descends.

Landing nosing

Drop newel

Cut out for joist trimmerWell

string

Kite winder

Wall string

Riser boardnosing

Split landing

Newel postBaluster and handrail

= Balustrade

Tread

Landing bearer¼ space landing

skirting

Riser: The vertical member between two successive treads.

Steps: The steps of a stair are made from a series of horizontal treads with risers in between.

Rise: It is the distance measured vertically from the surface of one tread to the surface of other.

Going: distance measured horizontally from the face of one riser to the face of the next riser.

Nosing: The exposed edge of a tread, usually projecting with a square, rounded or splayed edge. An imaginary line connecting all the nosing points parallel to the slope of stair is called line of nosing.

Handrail: rail of metal/wood on the side of a stair fixed at about waist high parallel to the slope of stair.

Newel: A post forming the junction of flights of stair. They are at the top/bottom of a stair to support handrails.

Stringers: Inclined member in wooden stairs acting as wooden beams to support the steps.

Baluster: Vertical member to support the handrail and placed between steps and handrails.

Pitch: the inclination of stair can be defined as either by the rise and going of the steps or as a pitch of a stair, which is the angle of stair with the horizontal. The dimensions of the rise/going of steps determine whether stair is steep (practically imposible to climb) or shallow (too laborious/exhausting to climb).

Headroom/Clearance: It is the clear vertical distance between the tread of the step and soffit of the stair above. For people and for moving goods/furniture, the minimum headroom of 2.1m (measured vertically) is recommended between line of nosing/soffit of stair, with minimum clearance of 1.5m measured at right angle to the nosing line.

Winder: Radiating steps for changing direction of a stair.

2.3 Type Of Stair:

They are following type of stair;

Straight Flight

Quarter Turn

Dog-legged / Half turn

Circular / Spiral

2.3.1 Straight Flight:

The type of flight in which No of rises is more than 18 without a change in direction.

Floor to floor

With / without landing

Simple

Economical / cheapest

Traditional

Used where space is limited

2.3.2 Quarter Turn:

Rises to landing between floors

Turns through 90 degree

Economic / compact

Winders for economy / space saving

2.3.3 Dog-Legged/ Half Turn:

Rises to landing between floors

Turns through 180 degree

Rises parallel to the lower flight

Landing half space / half turn

Common, advantageous in planning with its dog-legged shape

Ends roughly where we start

Used in most buildings

2.3.4 Open Well/ Open Newel:

similar to dog-legged but with larger space in between flights

also can be three quarter turn with no. of flights

used in public buildings

2.3.5 Circular/ Spiral

Economical / less use of floor space

All the step are winder

2.4 Requirements For Good Stair:

Any well planned stair should meet the following criteria for easy, quick and safe ascent/descent.

Location: It should be located so as to get sufficient light and ventilation with easy access from all the rooms.

Stair width: Varies with situation however should follow the standard recommended dimensions according to the building types.

Length of flight: A flight should have not lesser than three risers and not more than 16 risers.

Pitch of stair: Stairs are pitched from 15 degrees to 55 degrees; however recommended angle is between 25 to 40 degrees. Pitch of long should be flattened by using landings.

Headroom: Minimum Clearance from tread to the soffit of stair above (true vertical measurement) is 2.1m.

Materials: Should be fire resisting as far as possible.

Baluster: Open well staqirs should have it to avoid accidents.

Landing: Width of the landing should not be lass than with of the stair flight at any case.

Winders: Should be avoided as far as possible, if not, should be kept at lower end of flight. These are not suitable for public buildings

Step Proportions: The rise/going of each step in one flight and in flights and landing between floors should be equal. Any variations may spoil rhythm. The rise/going are proportioned so as to ensure comfortable access.

2.4.1 Fixing The Going And The Rise Of A Step:

To set out a stair it is necessary to select a suitable rise and adjust the rise to the floor to floor height so that the rise of each step is same throughout.

In general the following rules are used as a guide.

2R (Rise) + G (Going) = 600 (in mm)

R x G = 400 – 450 approx. (in sq. cm.)

Adopt standard size of going and rise as 300 and 140 respectively and for each 25mm reduced from going add 12 – 13 mm to riser.

2.4.2 Dimensions For Stairs:

Stair

Rise (mm) Going (mm)Pitch (in degree)

Unobstructed width (mm)

Min. Opt. Max. Min. Opt. Max. Opt. Max. Min.

Reduced min. where stair has limited use

Private stair100 175 190 225 250 300 35 40 800 600

220 absolute max. 42 absolute max.

Semi-public stair (factories, offices, shops, schools, etc.)

100 165 190 250 275 350 31 38 1000 800

Public stair (cinema, theatre, stadium, hospitals, etc.

100 150 180 280 300 350 27 33 1000 -

Hospitals 1200

3 AUTO CAD

3.1 Auto Cad:

Auto cad is application software in which we can design all types of drawings.Many types of drafters use Autodesk software to create innovative drafting plans and technical drawings. In order to aid in sketching diagrams and technical drawings, Autodesk offers an AutoCAD software with drafting tools for several industries. These industries include architecture, electrical, mechanical, engineering and plumbing. Thousands of symbols, and design and drafting functions are designed to common features within each of these industries.AutoCAD is a means of creating theoretical designs, practical drawings, and documentation in many industries. It fits any design solution that requires a general, customizable drafting, and design tool

3.2 Types Of Drawings:

There are two type of drawing;

Two dimensional

Three dimensional

3.2.1 Two Dimensional:

A shape that only has two dimensions (such as width and height) and no thickness.Squares, Circles, Triangles, etc are two dimensional objects.It

having the dimensions of height and width only: a two-dimensional surface

(of a work of art) having its elements organized in terms of a flat surface, especially emphasizing the vertical and horizontal character of the picture plane (in a literary work) shallow, unconvincing, or superficial in execution: a novel having two-dimensional characters.

3.2.2 Three Dimensional:

An object that has height, width and depth, like any object in the real world.Example: your body is three-dimensional

3.3 Uses And Benefits Of Autocad:

The benefits of using AutoCAD are as follows:

Saves time, money, and reduce errors with dynamic engineering model.Reduces purchase, deployment, and support costs with one complete solution.

Increases value to clients by delivering more design alternatives in less time.

Creates production sheets faster.

Completes projects faster and reduce the chance of coordination errors.

Builds a foundation for your custom solution.

Clearly communicates design intent and complete final proposals with realistic 3D rendering.

3.4 Commands:

Command is a shortcut way from which we can work on AutoCAD objects easily for many purpose. There are many commands in auto cad software but we are going to discuss some of them.

3.4.1 Line:

Line is the first and basic command to make any object

Process:-

Enter L

And give first point of line you can select this point after clicking anywhere or using ( x , y ) values After selecting first point we select end point as we need.

3.4.1.1 Method To Draw A Line:

There are four method to draw a line

Polar quardinate system

Relative quardinate system

Relative and polar quardinate system

Direct distance method

3.4.2 Rectangle:

To draw a rectangle we inter (rec) command.

Process

Select 1st point of rectangle by clicking or giving the values of (x , y)

And then enter other corner of rectangle by giving the size of rectangle for example we required a rectangle of 10 * 20, so that after select 1st corner point give this size and then click enter

3.4.3 Break:

This command is used to break the line from one point to an other

Process

Enter the command (BR) in command bar then select the 1st point from where you want to break and then enter 2nd point so this line will break.

3.4.4 Rotate:

It is used to rotate the objects at any angle

Process

To work at this command center (RO) in command bar and select the object , then click enter and put the object from any point and move the cursor at any angle where you need to rotate the object. We can rotate the objects by putting the angles in command bar.

3.4.5 Polygon:

This command is used to draw a regular geometrical figure which have more than four sides

Process

Enter the command (POL) and then write the sides of figure as well as you need

3.4.6 Construction Lines:

These lines used for help to making a drawing and we use these line for the purpose of projection for making top , front, and side views, these lines have no start point and no end point, with out horizontally and vertically these line should be at any angle

Process

Enter the command of construction line which is (XL) and click on the point of objects where you need a help line form making its internal parts or showing the views of the objects

3.4.7 Poly Line:

If we want to draw a line which is consciously going on. By using this command we worked on object draw a continues line without giving the command of line again and again

Process

enter the command (PL) and click on the specific point consciously without giving the command of line for next point where you should draw a line.

3.4.8 Area:

This command is used to defined the area of regular and irregular geometrical shapes

Process

to defined the area of figure put the command (AA) in command bar and then click on the corner points of figure one by one and then press the button of enter

3.4.9 Layers:

This is used to convert the different parts of object in different format so that we can defined easily all doors of a drawing in same format and all windows are in same format in format we can use the different colors . Different line weight and we can also hide the lines of any one layer

Precess

Enter the command (LA) a dialogue box will be open in which we can change color , line type and line weight and description of line and then enter

Now as you need all doors in same format then select the all doors and go to layer bar and select layer which is prepared by you.

3.4.10 Array:

There are two types of array

To use array command put (AR) in the command bar.

Rectangular array Polar array

3.4.10.1 Rectangular Array:

In rectangular array a rectangle is be divided into some number of rows and Colum which we put in the dialogue box table

3.4.11 Polar Array:

In polar array a circle will be found radius lines

which are we put in the dialogue box table.