wq wrd104 methods of argumentation
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8/12/2019 WQ WRD104 Methods of Argumentation
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Methods
of
Argumentation
WRD104: Composition & Rhetoric II
Winter 2014
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In-C ass Writing:
Aristot e !e ie"e ethos is the most important of theC assica Appea s !ecause if #e trust a spea$er% #e tendto !e ie"e them 242'(
What do )ou fee #i !e the most important Appea in )our*ersuasi"e pro+ect and #h),
Identif):
Who )our readers are
What )ou #ant )our readers to do
he !est reason )ou can gi"e for )our reader for doing #hat)ou #ant them to do
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Methods of Argumentation
C assica .ration
/sed to #in an de!ate
ou min Method
/sed to con"ince & persuade
Rogerian Method
/sed to identif) a compromise
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orma ogic
Inducti"e Reasoning:enera i3ing a conc usion !ased on a num!er of specific e amp es(
5ottom-up ogic: 6A the artic es #e ha"e read in WRD104 are!oring% therefore a reading is !oring7
Deducti"e Reasoning:Reaching a conc usion !) assuming a genera princip e andapp )ing it to a specific e amp e
8) ogism Ma+or *remise: 6A men are morta 7 Minor *remise: 6A ree$s are men7 Conc usion: 6A ree$s are morta 7
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C assica .ration
/sed in Ancient reece to present cases incourts or to ma$e speeches to a senate(
9mphasi3ed a de!ate ha"ing a #inner and a oser Common ) used #hen constructing -paragraph essa)s:
Introduction
5ac$ground
ines of Argument
A ternati"e ArgumentsConc usion
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C assica .ration
raditiona C assica .ration is comprised of ; parts:
9 ordium: Writer attempts to #in attention & good#i of an audience #hi eintroducing a su!+ect
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C assica .ration
; *arts of C assica .ration continued:
Confirmatio: Writer offers detai ed support for the c aim% using !othogica reasoning and factua e"idence
Refutatio: Writer ac$no# edges and then refutes opposing c aims ore"idence Counterargument & refutation'
*eroratio: Writer summari3es the case and mo"es the audience toaction Conc usion'
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he ou min Method
8tephen ou min% 1? @
a"ored !ecause it ac$no# edges thecomp ications of ife > not e"er)thing fits neat )into a s) ogism
/ses Bua if)ing anguage:8ometimes
.ften
/n ess
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he ou min Method
he C aim:Identif) the C aim: is it contro"ersia and de!ata! e,
oo$ for ua ifiers: a"oid a!so ute c aims
ind the 9 ceptions: ac$no# edge the counter-argument
8ummari3e the C aim ua ifier% c aim% e ception(
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he ou min Method
Ana )3ing the Reasons:ist the Reasons
o# can the) !e organi3ed,
ua ified,
9 amine the Reasons
Are the) good reasons,
What are the "a ues imp ied !) )our reasons,Are the reasons relevant to the thesis,
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he ou min Method
Warrants :he ogica and persuasi"e connection !et#een ac aim and the reasons and data supporting it(
/sua ) a genera princip e or "a ue )ou share #ith)our reader the ma+or premise of 8) ogisms'
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he ou min Method
Warrants:What is the Warrant, Is the e amp e 6good7,
at ta es are fairer than progressi"e ta es !ecause the) treat a ta
pa)ers the same #a)(
rades in co ege shou d !e a!o ished !ecause I donEt i$e them(
8mo$ing causes serious diseases in smo$ers and endangers non-smo$ers as #e % so the federa go"ernment shou d !an smo$ing(
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he ou min Method
Ana )3ing the 9"idence:ist the 9"idence:
Anecdotes,
Data,Case studies,
9 amine the 9"idence:
Is it sufficient% credi! e and accurate,Is it re e"ant to the c aim it supports,
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he ou min Method
=oting Refutations:What are the a ternati"e stances,
Are )ou fair ) addressing this stance, =o 8tra# Men (
What is a strong re!utta to that stance,
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he ou min Method
8ummari3ing Four Ana )sis
What is the resu t of )our argument,
8ummari3ing in a paragraph or t#o #i reinforce)our stance and c ear ) dra# together a e ements
of the argument
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he Rogerian Method
De"e oped !) rhetoricians Richard 9( Foung%A ton 5ec$er and Genneth *i$e
5ased on American ps)cho ogist Car RogersEmethods of conf ict reso ution > see$scompromise as opposed to the C assica
.rationEs goa of esta! ishing #inners andosers'
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he Rogerian Method
Introduction: Writer descri!es an issue
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ome#or$:
Read St Martins Handbook Chapters 24 pp(02- 04'% 2 pp( 0?- 14'% and ;; pp( @?0-@?2' .n ) ? pages tota '
Write a 2 0-#ord response to ho# )ou mightapp ) these concepts to )our research pro+ect(
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