world war i the war to end all wars …..until wwii
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World War I
The War to End All Wars
…..until WWII
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Background
• Where: Europe
• Key players: Britain, France, Russia v. Germany & Austria
• When: 1914-1918
• Impact: Millions of men killed & wounded
Causes
• Militarism - Build up of weapons
• Alliance System - Turned small war into major war
• Imperialism - Competition for colonies
• Nationalism - Loyalty to one’s country - Each nation thought it was the best
Immediate Cause
• Assassination of Austrian Archduke
The War
• Western Front
• Trench Warfare
• Weaponry more advanced than tactics >>>>leads to massive slaughter
U.S. Role 1914-17
• Isolationist
• U.S. remains neutral but…
supplies Allies
Modern Warfare
•
Stalemate
• Neither side could win or gain ground
U.S. Gets Drawn in…
Submarine Warfare
• Lusitania - 128 Americans killed by German u-boat in 1915
• Germans also torpedo French liner Sussex killing more Americans
>>Sussex Pledge = Germany would not attack merchant ships without warning/Allies would no longer blockade– Neither side followed through
Propaganda
• Allies carry out anti-German propaganda campaign over trans-Atlantic cable
• Once U.S. joined they began campaign of there own
Cultural Links
• German and Irish Americans tended to side with Central Powers
• Majority of Americans were pro-British and the Allies
Economics
• British blockade cut off U.S. trade with Germany
• U.S. trade with the Allies increased 4x between 1914-1917
• Wilson did not believe trade or loans to British & French violated neutrality
Zimmerman Note
Zimmerman Telegram
• 1917• Message from German foreign secretary to German minister in Mexico urging an alliance with Mexico– Mexico to regain “lost territories”
Russian Revolution
• Czar Overthrown
• Russian Democracy?
• Russia then quits the war
• Communist state emerges
United States enters the War in 1917
U.S. at War
• Revenue Act in 1916 to expand military
• Selective Service Act (1917) – draft of males 18 to 45– 4.8 mill served, 2.8 mill drafted
• AEF (American Expeditionary Force) sent France (2 million men) un John J Pershing
• 51,000 killed
Centralizing the Economy
• Gov’t agencies overseen by Council of National Defense
• Gov’t entered housing and labor relations
• Supervised public utilities including telegraph and telephone
“To Keep the World Safe for Democracy?”
• Liberty Bonds• Victory Gardens• CPI (Committee on Public Information)
• Liberty Cabbage• Literacy tests for immigrants (Wilson’s veto overridden)
Patriotism v Dissent (Protest)
• Sabotage Act• Espionage Act• Socialists, communists and some progressives protest U.S. entry in WWI
• Famous socialists Schenck & Debs arrested under Espionage Act>>> Challenges in Supreme Court >>> “Clear and Present Danger” principle
Wilson’s 14 Points SpeechGiven to Congress in January 1918
• 1-5 = end sources of hostility (end secret treaties, arms reduction, colonial practices, freedom of the seas)
• 6-13 = Rearrangement of European borders (self-determination/no large empires)
• 14 = Create a League of Nations
Armistice Day
• November 11, 1918• Ends hostilities between belligerent nations
Treaty of Versailles
• Reparations
• Internationalism
• Self-determination
• League of Nations– Wilson for/Sen. Against– Not Ratified
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