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Luther’s “helpmeet” and Knox’s “monstrous regiment”: women and the Reformation
Portrait of Anne Boleyn, by unknown artist, c. 1535, Hever Castle, Kent.
• The major reform movements• Martin Luther, 1483-1546• John Calvin, 1509-1564 • Henry VIII, r. 1509-1547
• Catherine of Aragon, 1485-1536• Anne Boleyn, 1507-1536
Reformation-era EuropeMap from Lynn Hunt, The Making of the West, Volume 1, 4th edition.
Luther’s “helpmeet” and Knox’s “monstrous regiment”: women and the Reformation
Engraving of Martin Luther, by Baldung Grien, 1521.
• Luther’s reform movement• The justification of faith• “Every man his own priest”• Literacy important to salvation• Celibacy destructive to the soul
• Sexuality within marriage healthy• Katherine von Bora, 1499-1550• Marriage necessary, but not
necessarily happy• Not a sacrament, but divorce still
discouraged • Eve and Mary• Teaching and preaching
Luther’s “helpmeet” and Knox’s “monstrous regiment”: women and the Reformation
Henry VIII in the Whitehall Mural, by Remigius van Leemput, 17th century, Royal Collection, Hampton Court Palace.
• Calvin’s Geneva• Adultery a capital crime• Strict control of morality
• Henry VIII• Abolished monasticism but didn’t
allow clerical marriage (or divorce!)
• John Knox, c. 1510-1572• Presbyterianism• The First Blast of the Trumpet
Against the Monstrous Regiment of Women, 1558
Luther’s “helpmeet” and Knox’s “monstrous regiment”: women and the Reformation
Etching of Margaret Fell (standing on left), by Robert Spence, late 17th century
•Minor reform movements• Anabaptists, 1520s-1530s
• Equality of direct spiritual inspiration
• “Third baptism”• The Society of Friends/Quakers,
1650s• Margaret Fell, 1614-1702• Women’s Speaking Justified,
Proved and Allowed of by the Scriptures, All Such as Speak by the Spirit and Power of the Lord Jesus
• Puritans, 1560s• Anne Hutchinson, 1591-1643
Luther’s “helpmeet” and Knox’s “monstrous regiment”: women and the Reformation
Portrait of St. Teresa of Avila, by Peter Paul Rubens, 1615, Kunsthistoriches Museum, Vienna.
• Women and the Catholic Reformation• The Council of Trent, 1545-1563• St. Teresa of Avila, 1515-1582
• Barefoot Carmelites• St. Angela Merici, 1474-1540
• Order of the Ursulines• Mary Ward, 1585-1645
• Institute of the Blessed Virgin • St. Louise de Marillac, 1591-
1660• Sisters of Charity
Luther’s “helpmeet” and Knox’s “monstrous regiment”: women and the Reformation
Elizabeth at prayer, from Christian Prayers and Meditations in English, French, Italian, Spanish, Greeke and Latine, 1560, Lambeth Palace Library.
• Women and politics during the Reformation• John Knox’s “monstrous regiment”• Mary Queen of Scots, r. 1542-1567
• Mother of James VI of Scotland by Henry, Lord Darnley
• Executed by Elizabeth I in 1588• Mary I of England, r. 1553-1558
• Daughter of Catherine of Aragon• Married to Philip II of Spain
• Elizabeth I, r. 1558-1603• Daughter of Anne Boleyn
Luther’s “helpmeet” and Knox’s “monstrous regiment”: women and the Reformation
Still from The Wizard of Oz, 1939, MGM.
• Witch beliefs among the peasantry• Striga (pl. strigae)• Wisewoman/man• Cunningwoman/man• French devin• Old English wicca (m) and
wicce (f)• Maleficia
Luther’s “helpmeet” and Knox’s “monstrous regiment”: women and the Reformation
Depiction of Waldensians, in Martin le France, “Le Champion des Dames,” c. 1440, Bibliotheque Nationale Grenoble.
• Witch beliefs within the learned classes• Repression of sexuality =
demonization of sexuality• Fears of heretics bringing
subversion of order• Waldensians and Cathars as
cannibalistic Devil worshippers who fly to night-time sabbaths
15th-16th century images of witches, from Brian Levack, The Witch Hunt in Early-Modern
Europe.
17th century images of witches, from Brian Levack, The Witch Hunt in Early-Modern
Europe.
Luther’s “helpmeet” and Knox’s “monstrous regiment”: women and the ReformationImages from Brian Levack, The Witch Hunt in Early-Modern Europe.
• The witch trials of Reformation Europe• Heinrich Kramer, James
Sprenger, and the Malleus Maleficarum, 1486• “Refusal-guilt syndrome”
• Statistics from Brian Levack, The Witch-Hunt in Early Modern Europe
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