wind turbines - design and components

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Wind Turbines

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Different types of wind turbines

• Drag-type turbines– Persian windmill

– Chinese wind wheel

– Saviounus

• Lift-type turbines– VAWT, Vertical Axis Wind Turbine

• Darrieus

– HAWT, Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine• The Danish concept• American multiblade• Grumman windstream

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Drag-type turbines

The Persian windmill

The Chinese wind wheel

Savonious

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Drag-type turbines

Ref: www.ifb.uni-stuttgart.de/~doerner/edesignphil.html

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Lift-type turbinesVAWT, Darrieus

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Lift-type turbinesVAWT, Darrieus

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Ref: www.ifb.uni-stuttgart.de/~doerner/edesignphil.html

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Lift-type turbinesHAWT, American Multiblade

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Lift-type turbinesHAWT, Grumman Windstream

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Lift-type turbinesHAWT, The Danish Concept

• The blades upwind the rotor• Constant speed on the rotor• Power output limitation

– Stall control

• Brakes– Mechanical

– Aerodynamic

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SPEED n 20 17 13 5 – 15 3 – 10 rpm

HE

IGH

T [M

]

Development of HAWT

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Wind power and energy

• Power output from wind turbines:

• Energy production from wind turbines:

Ac

Power2

3

Energy Power Time

C

A

13

Energy flux for wind turbines

Ac

P2

3

Recommended literature: Wind Turbine Technology, David A. Spera, ISBN no. 0-7918-1205-7

Where:P = Power [W]

= Density [kg/m3]c = Velocity [m/s]A = Area [m2] = Efficiency [ - ]

14The world’s energy potential for land based wind turbines

Estimated energy output in kWh/kW from a wind turbine that are dimensioned for 11 m/s

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Global Installed wind power

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Source: www.gwec.net

Installed wind power

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Wind power capacity global forecast

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Wind Power in Norwayper 1st January 2006

• Energy goal for 2010: 3 TWh

• Wind farms in operation:– Number of wind farms: 13– Number of wind mills: 165– Installed power: ca. 320 MW– Energy production: ca. 900 GWh

• Planned wind farms (License is given, but not built)– Number of wind farms: 15– Number of wind mills: 439– Installed power: 1214 MW– Energy production: 3866 GWh

• Planned wind farms (Applied for License)– Number of wind farms: 36– Number of wind mills: 1444– Installed power: 4496 MW

Hitra

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NAVN TI LTAKSHAVER FYLKE KOMMUNE

I nstallert EffektMW

EnergiProduksjon

[GWh]Antall

Turbiner

FJELDSKÅR AGDER ENERGI NETT AS VEST-AGDER LINDESNES 4 5 12

GARTEFJELLET STATKRAFT ENERGI AS FINNMARK LEBESBY 40 120 20

HARØY SANDØY VINDKRAFT A/SMØRE OG ROMSDAL SANDØY 3,75 11 5

HAVØYGAVLEN ARCTIC WIND AS FINNMARK MÅSØY 40 120 16

HITRA (ELDSFJELLET) HITRA VIND AS SØR-TRØNDELAG HITRA 55 150 24

HUNDHAMMERFJELLET-1

NORD-TRØNDELAG ELEKTRISITETSVERK FKF

NORD-TRØNDELAG NÆRØY 2 ? 1

HUNDHAMMERFJELLET-2

NORD-TRØNDELAG ELEKTRISITETSVERK FKF

NORD-TRØNDELAG NÆRØY 3 ? 1

MEHUKEN I KVALHEIM KRAFT ASSOGN OG FJORDAN VÅGSØY 4,25 13 5

NYGÅRDSFJELLET NARVIK ENERGI AS NORDLAND NARVIK 7 21 3

SANDHAUGEN

NORSK MILJØKRAFT TROMSØ AS TROMS TROMSØ 9 20 3

SMØLA STATKRAFT ENERGI ASMØRE OG ROMSDAL SMØLA 150 450 68

UTSIRA VIND- OG HYDROGENANLEGG

NORSK HYDRO PRODUKSJON AS ROGALAND UTSIRA 1 5 2

VIKNA HUSFJELLET

NORD-TRØNDELAG ELEKTRISITETSVERK FKF

NORD-TRØNDELAG VIKNA 2,2 6 5

321,2 921 165

Norwegian wind farms in operation

Ref. www.nve.no

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NAVN TI LTAKSHAVER FYLKE KOMMUNE

I nstallert EffektMW

EnergiProduksjon

[GWh]Antall

Turbiner

ANDMYRAN ANDMYRAN VINDPARK AS NORDLAND ANDØY 160 620 64

BESSAKERFJELLET

TRØNDERENERGI KRAFT AS SØR-TRØNDELAG ROAN 57 150 25

FAKKEN

TROMS KRAFT PRODUKSJ ON AS TROMS KARLSØY 60 200 17

HARBAKSFJELLET

NORSK HYDRO PRODUKSJ ON AS SØR-TRØNDELAG ÅFJ ORD 90 200 33

HUNDHAMMERFJELLET-3

NORD-TRØNDELAG ELEKTRISITETSVERK FKF

NORD-TRØNDELAG NÆRØY 51 160 15

HØG-JÆREN J ÆREN ENERGI AS ROGALAND TIME OG HÅ 80 260 27

KARMØY (OFFSHORE)

NORSK HYDRO PRODUKSJ ON AS ROGALAND KARMØY 3 ? 1

KVITFJELL

NORSK MILJ ØKRAFT TROMSØ AS TROMS TROMSØ 200 660 80

LISTA

NORSK MILJ Ø ENERGI SØR AS VEST-AGDER FARSUND 102 280 31

NYGÅRDSFJELLET - TRINN 2 NORDKRAFT VIND AS NORDLAND NARVIK 40 120 11

SKALLHALSEN STATKRAFT ENERGI AS FINNMARK VADSØ 65 190 16

TYSVÆR TYSVÆR VINDPARK AS ROGALAND TYSVÆR 39 110 13

VALSNESET

TRØNDERENERGI KRAFT AS SØR-TRØNDELAG BJ UGN 12 30 4

VALSNESET TESTSTASJON VIVA AS SØR-TRØNDELAG BJ UGN 6 16 3

YTRE VIKNA

NORD-TRØNDELAG ELEKTRISITETSVERK FKF

NORD-TRØNDELAG VIKNA 249 870 99

1 214 3 866 439

Norwegian wind farmsLicense is given, but not built

Ref. www.nve.no

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HAWTHorisontal-Axis Wind Turbines

SMØLA

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HAWTMain Components

• Foundation• Tower• Nacelle• Hub• Turbine blades

Ref. Wind Power Plants, R.Gasch, J.Twele

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Towers

Guyed Pole Tower

Lattice tower Tubular steel towers,

Concrete tower

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Tower designs

Ref. Wind Power Plants, R.Gasch, J.Twele

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Nacelle and Yaw system

Ref. www.windpower.org

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Yaw system

Ref. www.windpower.org

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Nacelle

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Nacelle

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Nacelle Design

Ref. Wind Power Plants, R.Gasch, J.Twele

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Nacelle Drive Trains

Ref. Wind Power Plants, R.Gasch, J.Twele

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VESTAS V90

3 MW

108 TONS

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Multibrid M5000 Power output: 5 MW

Diameter: 116 m.

Turbine speed: 5,9 -14,8 rpm

Masses:  

Blade: 16.500 kg 

Hub: 60.100 kg 

Nacelle: 199.300 kg 

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(tons)

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Hydraulic transmission - 5 MW

P

M G

P = Hydraulic pump (Assumed weight 20 ton)

M = Variable displacement motor 8 x A4VSO1000

G = Generator placed at the bottom of the wind turbine

Weights in ton

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Hub design

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Hub design

Ref. Wind Power Plants, R.Gasch, J.Twele

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Hub design

Ref. Wind Power Plants, R.Gasch, J.Twele

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Blade Design

Ref. Wind Power Plants, R.Gasch, J.Twele

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Design at different TSR

Ref. Wind Power Plants, R.Gasch, J.Twele

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Energy Flux in the wind

Areac

P 2

3

Where:P = Power [W]

= Density [kg/m3]c = Velocity [m/s]

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Wind velocity, power and energy

TimePowerEnergy

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

0 5 10 15 20 25

Velocity [m/s]

Tim

e [h

/yea

r]

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0 5 10 15 20 25

Velocity [m/s]

En

erg

y [k

Wh

/m2 ]

Ac

Power2

3

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Power output

0

1 000

2 000

3 000

4 000

5 000

6 000

7 000

8 000

9 000

10 000

0 5 10 15 20 25

Wind Speed [m/s]

Po

wer

[kW

]

Wind Power

Turbine Power

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Aerodynamic brakes

Ref. Wind Power Plants, R.Gasch, J.Twele

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Stall control

Ref. Wind Power Plants, R.Gasch, J.Twele

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Turbine blade pitch system

Ref. Wind Power Plants, R.Gasch, J.Twele

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Turbine blade pitch system

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Links

• www.windpower.org/• www.ewea.org• www.nve.no• www.hydro.com/no/our_business/oil_energy/new_energ

y/wind/index.html• www.statkraft.no/pub/vindkraft/index.asp• www.gwec.net• http://ec.europa.eu/research/energy/nn/nn_rt/

nn_rt_wind/article_1101_en.htm

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• Wind Power Plants, Fundamentals, Design Construction and Operation

– R. gasch, J. Twele, ISBN no. 1-902916-38-7

• Wind Turbine Technology– David A. Spera, ISBN no. 0-7918-1205-7

• Guidelines for design of Wind Turbines– DNV, RISØ, ISBN no. 87-550-2870-5

• Wind Energy Handbook– T. Burton, D. Sharpe, N. Jenkins, E. Bossanyi, ISBN no. 0-471-48997-2

• Aerodynamics of Wind Turbines– Martin O. L. Hansen, ISBN no. 1-902916-06-9

Recommended literature