wind turbines - design and components
DESCRIPTION
wind tower turbines developing from ancient persian mills to modern hawt and vawt turbines, a pure energy producing technologyTRANSCRIPT
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Wind Turbines
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Different types of wind turbines
• Drag-type turbines– Persian windmill
– Chinese wind wheel
– Saviounus
• Lift-type turbines– VAWT, Vertical Axis Wind Turbine
• Darrieus
– HAWT, Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine• The Danish concept• American multiblade• Grumman windstream
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Drag-type turbines
The Persian windmill
The Chinese wind wheel
Savonious
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Drag-type turbines
Ref: www.ifb.uni-stuttgart.de/~doerner/edesignphil.html
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Lift-type turbinesVAWT, Darrieus
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Lift-type turbinesVAWT, Darrieus
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Ref: www.ifb.uni-stuttgart.de/~doerner/edesignphil.html
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Lift-type turbinesHAWT, American Multiblade
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Lift-type turbinesHAWT, Grumman Windstream
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Lift-type turbinesHAWT, The Danish Concept
• The blades upwind the rotor• Constant speed on the rotor• Power output limitation
– Stall control
• Brakes– Mechanical
– Aerodynamic
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SPEED n 20 17 13 5 – 15 3 – 10 rpm
HE
IGH
T [M
]
Development of HAWT
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Wind power and energy
• Power output from wind turbines:
• Energy production from wind turbines:
Ac
Power2
3
Energy Power Time
C
A
13
Energy flux for wind turbines
Ac
P2
3
Recommended literature: Wind Turbine Technology, David A. Spera, ISBN no. 0-7918-1205-7
Where:P = Power [W]
= Density [kg/m3]c = Velocity [m/s]A = Area [m2] = Efficiency [ - ]
14The world’s energy potential for land based wind turbines
Estimated energy output in kWh/kW from a wind turbine that are dimensioned for 11 m/s
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Global Installed wind power
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Source: www.gwec.net
Installed wind power
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Wind power capacity global forecast
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Wind Power in Norwayper 1st January 2006
• Energy goal for 2010: 3 TWh
• Wind farms in operation:– Number of wind farms: 13– Number of wind mills: 165– Installed power: ca. 320 MW– Energy production: ca. 900 GWh
• Planned wind farms (License is given, but not built)– Number of wind farms: 15– Number of wind mills: 439– Installed power: 1214 MW– Energy production: 3866 GWh
• Planned wind farms (Applied for License)– Number of wind farms: 36– Number of wind mills: 1444– Installed power: 4496 MW
Hitra
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NAVN TI LTAKSHAVER FYLKE KOMMUNE
I nstallert EffektMW
EnergiProduksjon
[GWh]Antall
Turbiner
FJELDSKÅR AGDER ENERGI NETT AS VEST-AGDER LINDESNES 4 5 12
GARTEFJELLET STATKRAFT ENERGI AS FINNMARK LEBESBY 40 120 20
HARØY SANDØY VINDKRAFT A/SMØRE OG ROMSDAL SANDØY 3,75 11 5
HAVØYGAVLEN ARCTIC WIND AS FINNMARK MÅSØY 40 120 16
HITRA (ELDSFJELLET) HITRA VIND AS SØR-TRØNDELAG HITRA 55 150 24
HUNDHAMMERFJELLET-1
NORD-TRØNDELAG ELEKTRISITETSVERK FKF
NORD-TRØNDELAG NÆRØY 2 ? 1
HUNDHAMMERFJELLET-2
NORD-TRØNDELAG ELEKTRISITETSVERK FKF
NORD-TRØNDELAG NÆRØY 3 ? 1
MEHUKEN I KVALHEIM KRAFT ASSOGN OG FJORDAN VÅGSØY 4,25 13 5
NYGÅRDSFJELLET NARVIK ENERGI AS NORDLAND NARVIK 7 21 3
SANDHAUGEN
NORSK MILJØKRAFT TROMSØ AS TROMS TROMSØ 9 20 3
SMØLA STATKRAFT ENERGI ASMØRE OG ROMSDAL SMØLA 150 450 68
UTSIRA VIND- OG HYDROGENANLEGG
NORSK HYDRO PRODUKSJON AS ROGALAND UTSIRA 1 5 2
VIKNA HUSFJELLET
NORD-TRØNDELAG ELEKTRISITETSVERK FKF
NORD-TRØNDELAG VIKNA 2,2 6 5
321,2 921 165
Norwegian wind farms in operation
Ref. www.nve.no
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NAVN TI LTAKSHAVER FYLKE KOMMUNE
I nstallert EffektMW
EnergiProduksjon
[GWh]Antall
Turbiner
ANDMYRAN ANDMYRAN VINDPARK AS NORDLAND ANDØY 160 620 64
BESSAKERFJELLET
TRØNDERENERGI KRAFT AS SØR-TRØNDELAG ROAN 57 150 25
FAKKEN
TROMS KRAFT PRODUKSJ ON AS TROMS KARLSØY 60 200 17
HARBAKSFJELLET
NORSK HYDRO PRODUKSJ ON AS SØR-TRØNDELAG ÅFJ ORD 90 200 33
HUNDHAMMERFJELLET-3
NORD-TRØNDELAG ELEKTRISITETSVERK FKF
NORD-TRØNDELAG NÆRØY 51 160 15
HØG-JÆREN J ÆREN ENERGI AS ROGALAND TIME OG HÅ 80 260 27
KARMØY (OFFSHORE)
NORSK HYDRO PRODUKSJ ON AS ROGALAND KARMØY 3 ? 1
KVITFJELL
NORSK MILJ ØKRAFT TROMSØ AS TROMS TROMSØ 200 660 80
LISTA
NORSK MILJ Ø ENERGI SØR AS VEST-AGDER FARSUND 102 280 31
NYGÅRDSFJELLET - TRINN 2 NORDKRAFT VIND AS NORDLAND NARVIK 40 120 11
SKALLHALSEN STATKRAFT ENERGI AS FINNMARK VADSØ 65 190 16
TYSVÆR TYSVÆR VINDPARK AS ROGALAND TYSVÆR 39 110 13
VALSNESET
TRØNDERENERGI KRAFT AS SØR-TRØNDELAG BJ UGN 12 30 4
VALSNESET TESTSTASJON VIVA AS SØR-TRØNDELAG BJ UGN 6 16 3
YTRE VIKNA
NORD-TRØNDELAG ELEKTRISITETSVERK FKF
NORD-TRØNDELAG VIKNA 249 870 99
1 214 3 866 439
Norwegian wind farmsLicense is given, but not built
Ref. www.nve.no
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HAWTHorisontal-Axis Wind Turbines
SMØLA
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HAWTMain Components
• Foundation• Tower• Nacelle• Hub• Turbine blades
Ref. Wind Power Plants, R.Gasch, J.Twele
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Towers
Guyed Pole Tower
Lattice tower Tubular steel towers,
Concrete tower
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Tower designs
Ref. Wind Power Plants, R.Gasch, J.Twele
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Nacelle and Yaw system
Ref. www.windpower.org
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Yaw system
Ref. www.windpower.org
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Nacelle
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Nacelle
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Nacelle Design
Ref. Wind Power Plants, R.Gasch, J.Twele
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Nacelle Drive Trains
Ref. Wind Power Plants, R.Gasch, J.Twele
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VESTAS V90
3 MW
108 TONS
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Multibrid M5000 Power output: 5 MW
Diameter: 116 m.
Turbine speed: 5,9 -14,8 rpm
Masses:
Blade: 16.500 kg
Hub: 60.100 kg
Nacelle: 199.300 kg
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(tons)
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Hydraulic transmission - 5 MW
P
M G
P = Hydraulic pump (Assumed weight 20 ton)
M = Variable displacement motor 8 x A4VSO1000
G = Generator placed at the bottom of the wind turbine
Weights in ton
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Hub design
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Hub design
Ref. Wind Power Plants, R.Gasch, J.Twele
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Hub design
Ref. Wind Power Plants, R.Gasch, J.Twele
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Blade Design
Ref. Wind Power Plants, R.Gasch, J.Twele
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Design at different TSR
Ref. Wind Power Plants, R.Gasch, J.Twele
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Energy Flux in the wind
Areac
P 2
3
Where:P = Power [W]
= Density [kg/m3]c = Velocity [m/s]
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Wind velocity, power and energy
TimePowerEnergy
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
0 5 10 15 20 25
Velocity [m/s]
Tim
e [h
/yea
r]
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0 5 10 15 20 25
Velocity [m/s]
En
erg
y [k
Wh
/m2 ]
Ac
Power2
3
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Power output
0
1 000
2 000
3 000
4 000
5 000
6 000
7 000
8 000
9 000
10 000
0 5 10 15 20 25
Wind Speed [m/s]
Po
wer
[kW
]
Wind Power
Turbine Power
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Aerodynamic brakes
Ref. Wind Power Plants, R.Gasch, J.Twele
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Stall control
Ref. Wind Power Plants, R.Gasch, J.Twele
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Turbine blade pitch system
Ref. Wind Power Plants, R.Gasch, J.Twele
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Turbine blade pitch system
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Links
• www.windpower.org/• www.ewea.org• www.nve.no• www.hydro.com/no/our_business/oil_energy/new_energ
y/wind/index.html• www.statkraft.no/pub/vindkraft/index.asp• www.gwec.net• http://ec.europa.eu/research/energy/nn/nn_rt/
nn_rt_wind/article_1101_en.htm
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• Wind Power Plants, Fundamentals, Design Construction and Operation
– R. gasch, J. Twele, ISBN no. 1-902916-38-7
• Wind Turbine Technology– David A. Spera, ISBN no. 0-7918-1205-7
• Guidelines for design of Wind Turbines– DNV, RISØ, ISBN no. 87-550-2870-5
• Wind Energy Handbook– T. Burton, D. Sharpe, N. Jenkins, E. Bossanyi, ISBN no. 0-471-48997-2
• Aerodynamics of Wind Turbines– Martin O. L. Hansen, ISBN no. 1-902916-06-9
Recommended literature