what were the middle ages?. periodsperiods early middle ages: 500 – 1000 high middle ages: 1000...

What were the Middle Ages?What were the Middle Ages?

PeriodsPeriodsPeriodsPeriods

Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000

High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250

Late Middle Ages: 1250 - 1500

Rome FallsRome Falls

• In 476AD, invaders attacked the city of In 476AD, invaders attacked the city of Rome and ended more than 800 years of Rome and ended more than 800 years of glory for the “eternal city.” Historians mark glory for the “eternal city.” Historians mark the the fall of Rome fall of Rome as the end of ancient as the end of ancient history. The next 1000 years were called history. The next 1000 years were called the the Middle AgesMiddle Ages. .

• The beginning of the Middle Ages is often The beginning of the Middle Ages is often called the called the Dark Ages Dark Ages because Rome had because Rome had fallen and life in Europe was hard.fallen and life in Europe was hard.

• Very few could read and writeVery few could read and write, and no one , and no one expected conditions to improve. The only expected conditions to improve. The only hope for most was their belief in hope for most was their belief in ChristianityChristianity, and the hope that life in , and the hope that life in heaven would be better than life on earth. heaven would be better than life on earth.

Europe in the 500sEurope in the 500sEurope in the 500sEurope in the 500s

The Medieval Catholic ChurchThe Medieval Catholic ChurchThe Medieval Catholic ChurchThe Medieval Catholic Church

filled the need for power left from the collapse of the classical world.

monasticism:

St. Benedict – Benedictine Rule of poverty, chastity, and obedience.

provided schools for the children of the upper class.

inns, hospitals, refuge in times of war.

libraries to copy books called illuminate manuscripts.

monks missionaries to the barbarians. [St. Patrick, St. Boniface]

A Medieval Monastery: The A Medieval Monastery: The ScriptoriumScriptorium

A Medieval Monastery: The A Medieval Monastery: The ScriptoriumScriptorium

Illuminated ManuscriptsIlluminated ManuscriptsIlluminated ManuscriptsIlluminated Manuscripts

Charlemagne: 742 to 814Charlemagne: 742 to 814Charlemagne: 742 to 814Charlemagne: 742 to 814

Charlemagne’s EmpireCharlemagne’s EmpireCharlemagne’s EmpireCharlemagne’s Empire

Pope Crowned CharlemagnePope Crowned CharlemagneHoly Roman Emperor: Dec. 25, 800Holy Roman Emperor: Dec. 25, 800

Pope Crowned CharlemagnePope Crowned CharlemagneHoly Roman Emperor: Dec. 25, 800Holy Roman Emperor: Dec. 25, 800

Charlemagne’s Empire Collapses:Charlemagne’s Empire Collapses:Treaty of Verdun, 843Treaty of Verdun, 843

Charlemagne’s Empire Collapses:Charlemagne’s Empire Collapses:Treaty of Verdun, 843Treaty of Verdun, 843

FeudalismFeudalismFeudalismFeudalismA political, economic, and social system based on loyalty and military service.

A Medieval CastleA Medieval CastleA Medieval CastleA Medieval Castle

Parts of a Medieval CastleParts of a Medieval CastleParts of a Medieval CastleParts of a Medieval Castle

The Road to KnighthoodThe Road to KnighthoodThe Road to KnighthoodThe Road to Knighthood

KNIGHT

SQUIRE

PAGE

ChivalryChivalry:: A Code of Honor and A Code of Honor and BehaviorBehavior

ChivalryChivalry:: A Code of Honor and A Code of Honor and BehaviorBehavior

Code of ChivalryCode of Chivalry

• Thou shalt believe all that the Church teaches, and shalt observe all its Thou shalt believe all that the Church teaches, and shalt observe all its directions. directions.

• Thou shalt defend the Church. Thou shalt defend the Church. • Thou shalt repect all weaknesses, and shalt constitute thyself the defender of Thou shalt repect all weaknesses, and shalt constitute thyself the defender of

them. them. • Thou shalt love the country in the which thou wast born. Thou shalt love the country in the which thou wast born. • Thou shalt not recoil before thine enemy. Thou shalt not recoil before thine enemy. • Thou shalt make war against the Infidel without cessation, and without mercy. Thou shalt make war against the Infidel without cessation, and without mercy. • Thou shalt perform scrupulously thy feudal duties, if they be not contrary to the Thou shalt perform scrupulously thy feudal duties, if they be not contrary to the

laws of God. laws of God. • Thou shalt never lie, and shall remain faithful to thy pledged word. Thou shalt never lie, and shall remain faithful to thy pledged word. • Thou shalt be generous, and give largess to everyone. Thou shalt be generous, and give largess to everyone. • Thou shalt be everywhere and always the champion of the Right and the Good Thou shalt be everywhere and always the champion of the Right and the Good

against Injustice and Evil. against Injustice and Evil.

The Medieval ManorThe Medieval ManorThe Medieval ManorThe Medieval Manor

You can do it all by yourself!!

Life on the Medieval ManorLife on the Medieval ManorLife on the Medieval ManorLife on the Medieval Manor

SerfsSerfs at work at work

Plague/Black Plague/Black Death: Death:

• Took out 54 millionTook out 54 million• 1/3 of population wiped 1/3 of population wiped

outout• Defining event(s) of the Defining event(s) of the

Middle AgesMiddle Ages• Spread by fleas which Spread by fleas which

lived on ratslived on rats• A lack of cleanliness A lack of cleanliness

added to their added to their vulnerability: crowded with vulnerability: crowded with poor sanitation; ate stale poor sanitation; ate stale or diseased meat; or diseased meat; primitive medicine (people primitive medicine (people were often advised to not were often advised to not bathe b/c open skin pores bathe b/c open skin pores might let in the disease).might let in the disease).

• Highly contagious disease Highly contagious disease nodules would burst nodules would burst around the area of the around the area of the flea bite.flea bite.

In 1347, Italian traders returned from the Black Sea from China. Many of the sailors were already dying of the plague, and

within days the disease had spread from the port cities

to the surrounding countryside. The disease spread as far as England

within a year.

William the Conqueror:William the Conqueror:Battle of Hastings, 1066Battle of Hastings, 1066

(Bayeaux Tapestry)(Bayeaux Tapestry)

William the Conqueror:William the Conqueror:Battle of Hastings, 1066Battle of Hastings, 1066

(Bayeaux Tapestry)(Bayeaux Tapestry)

Evolution of England’s Political Evolution of England’s Political SystemSystem

Evolution of England’s Political Evolution of England’s Political SystemSystem

Henry I:

William’s son.

set up a court system.

Exchequer dept. of royal finances.

Henry II:

established the principle of common law throughout the kingdom.

grand jury.

trial by jury.

Evolution of England’s Political Evolution of England’s Political SystemSystem

Evolution of England’s Political Evolution of England’s Political SystemSystem

Henry I:

William’s son.

set up a court system.

Exchequer dept. of royal finances.

Henry II:

established the principle of common law throughout the kingdom.

grand jury.

trial by jury.

Magna Carta, 1215Magna Carta, 1215Magna Carta, 1215Magna Carta, 1215

King John IKing John I

Runnymeade

“Great Charter”

monarchs were not above the law.

kings had to consult a council of advisors.

kings could not tax arbitrarily.

The Beginnings of the British The Beginnings of the British ParliamentParliament

The Beginnings of the British The Beginnings of the British ParliamentParliament

Great Council:

middle class merchants, townspeople [burgesses in Eng., bourgeoisie in Fr., burghers in Ger.] were added at the end of the 13c.

eventually called Parliament.

by 1400, two chambers evolved:

o House of Lords nobles & clergy.

o House of Commons knights and burgesses.

The Rise of European Monarchies:The Rise of European Monarchies: France France

The Rise of European Monarchies:The Rise of European Monarchies: France France

Gothic Architectural StyleGothic Architectural StyleGothic Architectural StyleGothic Architectural Style

Pointed arches.

High, narrow vaults.

Thinner walls.

Flying buttresses.

Elaborate, ornate, airier interiors.

Stained-glass windows.

“Flying” Buttresses

Pope Urban II: Preaching a Pope Urban II: Preaching a CrusadeCrusade

Pope Urban II: Preaching a Pope Urban II: Preaching a CrusadeCrusade

Setting Out on CrusadeSetting Out on CrusadeSetting Out on CrusadeSetting Out on Crusade

Christian Crusades: East and Christian Crusades: East and WestWest

Christian Crusades: East and Christian Crusades: East and WestWest

Medieval UniversitiesMedieval UniversitiesMedieval UniversitiesMedieval Universities

Oxford UniversityOxford UniversityOxford UniversityOxford University

Late Medieval Town DwellingsLate Medieval Town DwellingsLate Medieval Town DwellingsLate Medieval Town Dwellings

Medieval TradeMedieval TradeMedieval TradeMedieval Trade

Medieval GuildsMedieval GuildsMedieval GuildsMedieval Guilds

Guild Guild HallHall

Guild Guild HallHall

Commercial Monopoly:

Controlled membership apprentice journeyman master craftsman

Controlled quality of the product [masterpiece].

Controlled prices

Medieval Guilds: A Medieval Guilds: A Goldsmith’s ShopGoldsmith’s ShopMedieval Guilds: A Medieval Guilds: A Goldsmith’s ShopGoldsmith’s Shop

Crest of a Cooper’s GuildCrest of a Cooper’s GuildCrest of a Cooper’s GuildCrest of a Cooper’s Guild