wet lands day

SUPRATIM KARMAKAR

*

*

INDIAN WET LANDS

& FUTURE

RIVER SCIENTIST, INDIA

EMAIL: karmakarsupratim@gmail.com

1971- H

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“Wetlands are areas of marsh , fen , peat land , of water of

temporary with water that is static or flowing, fresh, breakish of

salt, including areas or marine water, the depth of which at low

tide does not exceed six meters & may include riparian of

coastal zones adjacent to the wet lands or island or bodies of

marine water deeper than six meters at low tide lying with in the

wet lands.”

United States fish and wildlife service

(1979)

Wet lands are lands traditional & aquatic

systems where the water table is usually at or

near the surface or the land is covered by

shallow water. For purpose of this

classification wetlands must have one or

more of the following attributes:

•At last periodically, the land supports

predominantly hydrophytes.

•The substrate is nonsoil and is saturated

with water or covered by shallow water at

some time during the growing season of each

year.

•The substrate is predominantly undrained

hydric soil.

•Organic Soil Wetlands:

•Organic Soil

Wetlands:

Bog Fen

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Himalayan wetlands

Ladakh and Zanskar: Pangong Tso, Tso Morari, Chantau,

Noorichan, Chushul and Hanlay

Marshes

KashmirValley: Dal, Anchar, Wular, Haigam,

Malgam, Haukersar and Kranchu lakes

Central Himalayas: Nainital, Bhimtal and Naukuchital

Eastern Himalayas: Numerous wetlands in Sikkim,

Assam, Arunachal Pradesh,

Meghalaya, Nagaland and Manipur,

Beels in the Brahmaputra and

Barak valley

Indo-Gangetic wetlands :The Indo-

Gangetic flood plain is the largest wetland

system in India, extending from the river

Indus in the west to Brahmaputra in the

east. This includes the wetlands of the

Himalayan terai and the Indo-Gangetic

plains.

Coastal wetlands

The vast intertidal areas, mangroves and

lagoons along the 7500 kilometer long

coastline inWest Bengal, Orissa, Andhra

Pradesh, Tamil

Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, Goa, Maharashtra

andGujarat. Mangrove forests of the

Sunderbans of West Bengal and the

Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Offshore

coral reefs of the Gulf of Kutch,Gulf of

Mannar, Lakshwadeep and Andaman

andNicobar Islands.

Deccan

A few natural wetlands, but

innumerable small and large reservoirs

and several water storage tanks in

almost every village in the region.

Sunderban : Climate Changing

Environmental Disaster Taming

the Environmental

Diversity, Challenge and Human

Response: A India-Bangladesh

Contain

By Suppratim Karmakar,

(Japan, October,2012)

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INDIGENOUS TECHNOLOGY OF RAIN WATER

HARVESTING AND NATIONAL WATER POLICY-A

CONTEMPORARY APPROACH IN INDIAN

SUBCONTINENT WITH SPECIAL REFERENCES OF

WORLD WATER VISION PERSPECTIVE

-Supratim Karmakar

[KUSET, NEPAL(IN PRESS)]

Wetland losses – a threat to

ecological balance

Rainfall data

The wetland loss in

The wetland loss in

India can be divided

into two broad groups

namely-

acute and chronic

losses.

Acute wetland losses

• Agricultural conversion•Direct deforestation in wetlands•Hydrologic alteration•Inundation by dammed reservoirs

Chronic wetland lossesAlteration of upper watersheds

Degradation of water qualityGround water depletionIntroduced species and extinction of native biota

States Total Districts Drought Affected

Uttar Pradesh 64 62

Haryana, Chandigarh

and Delhi21 21

Punjab 16 14

Madhya Pradesh 45 39

Himachal Pradesh 12 12

Use of remote

sensing and

GIS in

wetland

management

Flood zonation mapping

Turbidity Classification

Low Turbid area ModerateTurbid area HighTurbid area

Region of Interest

0 0.7 1.4 2.1 2.8 0.35 Kilometers

1990: Spatial Turbidity pattern 1990: Spatial Turbidity pattern 1997: Spatial Turbidity pattern1997: Spatial Turbidity pattern

Class Name

1990 1997 2007

Area

(ha)

Area

(%)

Area

(ha)

Area

(%)

Area

(ha)

Area

(%)

Change %

1990–2007

Wetland

Ecosystem

961.7 33.5 424.3 14.77 356.3 12.4 -21.1

Aquatic

Vegetation

- - 182.0 6.33 203.3 7.0 7.0

Other

Vegetation

144.9 5.0 506 17.61 329 11.45 6.45

Other Land

Use

1765.7 61.5 1760 61.29 1983.7 69.15 7.65

Total 2872.3 100 2872.3 100 2872.3 100 0

Area Statistics of Wetland Area during 1990, 1997, 2007

Tipaimukh Dam: Potential Consequences for Bangladesh

Location: Tipaimukh, Manipur, India,on Barak river, around 100 km from Jakigang, Sylhet)

Length: 390 meterHeight: 164 meterCost: $1.35 billionCompletion: 2012Reservoir C: 15.9 BCM average

Tipaimukh Dam at a glance:

Tipaimukh is located in Churachandpur district in Manipur state. It is in the south-western hilly region of Manipur bordering the Indian state of Mizoram.

Tipaimukh means the confluence of the Tuivai and Barak rivers.

The word “Tipai” is the corrupted name coined for the river “Tuivai”, and “Mukh” meaning “mouth” in Bengali.

Tipaimukh Dam: Potential Consequences for Bangladesh

What Consequences for Bangladesh?: Mirror Image of Farakkah

Rajshai-Khulna vs Sylhet-DhakaPadma vs Shurma, Kushiara

Political Impact

Giving India the ability to full control the water through Barak River itself is dangerous as they can use it as a weapon against Bangladesh as and when necessary

This has been done in the past using the Farakka Barrage

Tipaimukh Dam: Potential Consequences for Bangladesh

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