welcome to ej2300 power electronics - välkommen till kth · hpn 2012-09-03 power electronic...

1-1 Copyright © 2003

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Welcome to

EJ2300 Power Electronics

Basics

DC/DC converters

DC-motor

Diode and thyristor converters

Power semiconductors (web-based)

Inverters

Switching DC power supplies

1-2 HPN 2012-09-03

Power Electronic Systems

• Block diagram

• Role of Power Electronics

• Reasons for growth (power semiconductors, digital electronics, renewables, electric vehicles)

1-3 Copyright © 2003

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Linear Power Supply

• Series transistor as an adjustable resistor

• Low Efficiency

• Heavy and bulky

1-4 Copyright © 2003

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Basic Principle of Switch-Mode Synthesis

• Constant switching frequency

• pulse width controls the average

• L-C filters the ripple

1-5 Copyright © 2003

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Switch-Mode Power Supply

• Transistor as a switch

• High Efficiency

• High-Frequency Transformer

1-6 Copyright © 2003

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

AC Motor Drive

• Converter 1 rectifies line-frequency ac into dc

• Capacitor acts as a filter; stores energy; decouples

• Converter 2 synthesizes low-frequency ac to motor

• Polarity of dc-bus voltage remains unchanged

– ideally suited for transistors of converter 2

1-7 Copyright © 2003

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Applications

• Controlled DC power supplies

• Motor drives for various applications

(industry, transport)

• Grid applications (HVDC, SVC, StatCom,

TCSC)

• Windpower

• Photovoltaics

1-8 HPN 2012-09-03

Honda Insight

1-9 Source: ABB

Thyristor valve for HVDC

500 kV, 1500 MW

1-10 Source: ABB

Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator

400 kV,

394 Mvar fixed, 71 Mvar controlled

1-11 Source: ABB

Power oscillation damping with

TCSC

500 kV, 2000 MW line

a) b)

1-12 Source: ABB

IGBT press-pack modules

1-13 Source: ABB

IGBT stacks

1-14 Source: ABB

Valve assembly

1-15 Source: ABB

Cooling system

1-16 Source: ABB

High-voltage PEX cable

1-17 HPN 2012-09-03

Electrostatic precipitator

1-18 Copyright © 2003

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Diodes

• On and off states controlled by the power circuit

1-19 Copyright © 2003

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Thyristor

Anode

Cathode

Gate

1-20 Copyright © 2003

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Generic Switch Symbol

• Idealized switch symbol

• When on, current can flow only in the direction of the arrow

• Instantaneous switching from one state to the other

• Zero voltage drop in on-state

• Infinite voltage and current handling capabilities

1-21 Copyright © 2003

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Switching Characteristics (linearized)

Switching Power Loss is

proportional to:

• switching frequency

• turn-on and turn-off times

1-22 HPN 2012-09-03

Switching speed

• Why do we want to switch fast?

Low switching losses

Well defined voltage waveform

• Why do we want to switch slowly?

Voltage sharing

EMI

Electric stress on insulation systems

1-23 Copyright © 2003

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

MOSFETs

• Easy to control by the gate

• Optimal for low-voltage operation at high switching frequencies

• On-state resistance a concern at higher voltage ratings

1-24 Copyright © 2003

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

IGBT

1-25 Source: Semikron

IGBT module

1-26 Source: Semikron

IGBT Datasheet

1-27

Bond wire lift-off

HPN 2012-09-03

1-28

Soldering delamination

HPN 2012-09-03

1-29 Source: ABB

1-30 HPN 2012-09-03

Approximation of voltage drop

0 5 10 15 200

0.5

1

1.5

21.945

0

Ui

Vi

200 Ii

tu

ti

[V]

[A]

0tU

u

it

ur

i

1-31 HPN 2012-09-03

Voltage drop

Von

Ion

MOSFET

IGBT

Diode

1-32 Copyright © 2003

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Review of basics

• Steady state

• Mean value, RMS-value

• Phasor representation

• Active, reactive, and complex power

• Three-phase circuits

• Inductor

• Capacitor

1-33 Copyright © 2003

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Block Diagram of DC-DC Converters

• Functional block diagram

1-34 HPN 2012-09-03

DC-DC converter types

1-35 Copyright © 2003

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Stepping Down a DC Voltage

1-36 Copyright © 2003

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Step-Down DC-DC Converter

• Pulsating input to

the low-pass filter

1-37 Copyright © 2003

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Step-Down DC-DC Converter: Waveforms

• Steady state; inductor current flows continuously