week 3 presentation

The Language Of The Language Of MedicineMedicine

1010thth edition editionDavi-Ellen ChabnerDavi-Ellen Chabner

Chapter 5Digestive System

Chapter Goals

• Name the organs of the digestive system Name the organs of the digestive system and describe their locations and and describe their locations and functions.functions.

• Define combining forms for organs and Define combining forms for organs and know the meaning of related terminology.know the meaning of related terminology.

• Describe signs, symptoms, and disease Describe signs, symptoms, and disease conditions affecting the digestive system.conditions affecting the digestive system.

Chapter 5Lesson 5.1

Introduction

The digestive or gastrointestinal systemThe digestive or gastrointestinal system

performs four main functions:performs four main functions:

• ingestioningestion

• digestiondigestion

• absorptionabsorption

• eliminationelimination

Introduction: Ingestion and Digestion• IngestionIngestion—food material taken into mouth—food material taken into mouth

• DigestionDigestion—food is broken down, mechanically —food is broken down, mechanically and chemically, as it travels through the and chemically, as it travels through the gastrointestinal tract.gastrointestinal tract.

Digestive enzymes aid the breakdown of complex Digestive enzymes aid the breakdown of complex nutrients. nutrients.

• Proteins → amino acidsProteins → amino acids• Sugars → glucoseSugars → glucose• Fats → fatty acids or triglyceridesFats → fatty acids or triglycerides

Introduction:Absorption• Digested food passes into the bloodstream Digested food passes into the bloodstream

through lining cells of the small intestine. through lining cells of the small intestine.

• Nutrients travel to all cells of the body.Nutrients travel to all cells of the body.

• Cells burn nutrients to release the energy stored Cells burn nutrients to release the energy stored in food.in food.

Introduction:Elimination• The body eliminates solid waste materials that The body eliminates solid waste materials that

cannot be absorbed into bloodstream.cannot be absorbed into bloodstream.

• The large intestine concentrates feces. The large intestine concentrates feces.

• The wastes pass out of the body through the The wastes pass out of the body through the anus. anus.

Organs of the Digestive System

• The gastrointestinal tract begins with the The gastrointestinal tract begins with the oral cavity.oral cavity.

Oral Cavity

Major parts of the oral cavityMajor parts of the oral cavity

Oral Cavity (cont’d)

Major parts of the oral cavityMajor parts of the oral cavity

Upper permanent teeth within the dental Upper permanent teeth within the dental archarch

Anatomy of a toothAnatomy of a tooth

Salivary glandsSalivary glands

Pharynx

DeglutitionDeglutition

Pharynx (cont’d)

DeglutitionDeglutition

Esophagus/Stomach

Parts of the stomachParts of the stomach

Esophagus/Stomach (cont’d)

Parts of the stomachParts of the stomach

The Digestive Tract

The Digestive Tract (cont’d)

Small Intestine

Villi in the lining of the small intestineVilli in the lining of the small intestine

Large Intestine

Parts of the large intestineParts of the large intestine

Large Intestine (cont’d)

Parts of the large intestineParts of the large intestine

Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas

Parts of the liver, gallbladder, and Parts of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreaspancreas

Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas (cont’d)

Parts of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreasParts of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas (cont’d)

Besides producing bile, the liver:Besides producing bile, the liver:• Helps maintain normal blood glucose levelsHelps maintain normal blood glucose levels

• Manufactures blood proteins necessary for Manufactures blood proteins necessary for clottingclotting

• Releases bilirubin, a pigment in bileReleases bilirubin, a pigment in bile

• Removes toxins and poisons from the bloodRemoves toxins and poisons from the blood

QUICK QUIZ:

1. What happens if bilirubin cannot 1. What happens if bilirubin cannot leave the body and remains in the leave the body and remains in the bloodstream?bloodstream?

A.A. GluconeogenesisGluconeogenesisB.B. EmulsificationEmulsificationC.C.HyperbilirubinemiaHyperbilirubinemiaD.D.GlycogenolysisGlycogenolysis

Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas

The pancreas and its functionsThe pancreas and its functions

Food Pathway through the GI Tract

Food enters Food enters through the through the oral cavity and oral cavity and exits through exits through the anusthe anus

Food Pathway through the GI Tract (cont’d)

Food enters Food enters through the through the oral cavity and oral cavity and exits through exits through the anusthe anus

QUICK QUIZ:

2. Which term is the first part of the 2. Which term is the first part of the large intestine?large intestine?

A.A. CecumCecumB.B. DuodenumDuodenumC.C. JejunumJejunumD.D.PylorusPylorus

QUICK QUIZ: (cont’d)

3. Which term means swallowing?3. Which term means swallowing?

A.A. MasticationMasticationB.B. DeglutitionDeglutitionC.C.EmulsificationEmulsificationD.D.PeristalsisPeristalsis

Vocabulary• absorptionabsorption

• amino acidsamino acids

• amylaseamylase

• anusanus

Passage of materials through the Passage of materials through the walls of the small intestine into the walls of the small intestine into the bloodstreambloodstream

Small building blocks of proteins; Small building blocks of proteins; released when proteins are digestedreleased when proteins are digested

Enzyme secreted by the pancreas Enzyme secreted by the pancreas and salivary glands to digest starchand salivary glands to digest starch

Terminal end or opening of the Terminal end or opening of the digestive tract to the outside of bodydigestive tract to the outside of body

Vocabulary (cont’d)• appendixappendix

• bilebile

• bilirubinbilirubin

• bowelbowel

Blind pouch hanging from the cecumBlind pouch hanging from the cecum

Digestive juice made in the liver and Digestive juice made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder; breaks up stored in the gallbladder; breaks up large fat globules; composed of bile large fat globules; composed of bile pigments, cholesterol, and bile saltspigments, cholesterol, and bile salts

Pigment released by the liver in bilePigment released by the liver in bile

Intestine Intestine

Vocabulary (cont’d)• canine teethcanine teeth

• cecumcecum

• coloncolon

• common common bile ductbile duct

Pointed, dog-like teeth next to the Pointed, dog-like teeth next to the incisors; also called cuspids or incisors; also called cuspids or eyeteetheyeteeth

First part of the large intestineFirst part of the large intestine

Consists of the ascending, Consists of the ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid transverse, descending, and sigmoid segmentssegments

Carries bile from the liver and Carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum; also gallbladder to the duodenum; also called the choledochuscalled the choledochus

Vocabulary (cont’d)• defecationdefecation

• deglutitiondeglutition

• dentindentin

• digestiondigestion

Elimination of feces from the digestive Elimination of feces from the digestive tract through the anustract through the anus

SwallowingSwallowing

Primary material found in teeth; Primary material found in teeth; covered by the enamel in the crown covered by the enamel in the crown and a protective layer of cementum in and a protective layer of cementum in the rootthe root

Breakdown of complex foods to Breakdown of complex foods to simpler formssimpler forms

Vocabulary (cont’d)• duodenumduodenum

• eliminationelimination

• emulsificationemulsification

• enamelenamel

First part of the small intestine; First part of the small intestine; measures 12 inches longmeasures 12 inches long

Act of removal of materials from Act of removal of materials from the bodythe body

Physical process of breaking up Physical process of breaking up large fat globules into smaller large fat globules into smaller globulesglobules

Hard, outermost layer of a toothHard, outermost layer of a tooth

Vocabulary (cont’d)• enzymeenzyme

• esophagusesophagus

• fatty acidsfatty acids

• fecesfeces

Chemical that speeds up reactions Chemical that speeds up reactions between substances; enzyme names between substances; enzyme names end in –aseend in –ase

Tube connecting the throat to the Tube connecting the throat to the stomachstomach

Substances produced when fats are Substances produced when fats are digested; a category of lipidsdigested; a category of lipids

Solid wastes; stoolSolid wastes; stool

Vocabulary (cont’d)• gallbladdergallbladder

• glucoseglucose

• glycogenglycogen

• hydrochloric hydrochloric acidacid

Small sac under the liver; stores Small sac under the liver; stores bilebile

Simple sugarSimple sugar

Starch; glucose is stored in the Starch; glucose is stored in the form of glycogen in liver cellsform of glycogen in liver cells

Substance produced by the Substance produced by the stomach; necessary for stomach; necessary for digestion of fooddigestion of food

Vocabulary (cont’d)• ileumileum

• incisorincisor

• insulininsulin

• jejunumjejunum

Third part of the small intestineThird part of the small intestine

One of four front teeth in the dental One of four front teeth in the dental archarch

Hormone produced by endocrine cells Hormone produced by endocrine cells of the pancreas; transports sugar from of the pancreas; transports sugar from the blood into cells and stimulates the blood into cells and stimulates glycogen formation by the liverglycogen formation by the liver

Second part of the small intestineSecond part of the small intestine

Vocabulary (cont’d)• lipaselipase

• liverliver

• lower esophageal lower esophageal sphincter (LES)sphincter (LES)

Pancreatic enzyme needed to Pancreatic enzyme needed to digest fatsdigest fats

Large organ located in the RUQ of Large organ located in the RUQ of the abdomen; secretes bile; stores the abdomen; secretes bile; stores sugar, iron, and vitamins; sugar, iron, and vitamins; produces blood proteins; destroys produces blood proteins; destroys worn-out RBCs; filters out toxins; worn-out RBCs; filters out toxins; normal adult liver weighs about 2 normal adult liver weighs about 2 ½ to 3 pounds½ to 3 pounds

Ring of muscles between the Ring of muscles between the esophagus and stomach; esophagus and stomach; cardiac cardiac sphinctersphincter

Vocabulary (cont’d)• masticationmastication

• molar teethmolar teeth

• palatepalate

• pancreaspancreas

ChewingChewing

Sixth, seventh, and eighth teeth Sixth, seventh, and eighth teeth from the middle on either side of from the middle on either side of the dental archthe dental arch

Roof of the mouthRoof of the mouth

Organ under the stomach; produces Organ under the stomach; produces insulin and enzymesinsulin and enzymes

Vocabulary (cont’d)• papillae papillae

((singular: singular: papilla)papilla)

• parotid glandparotid gland

• peristalsisperistalsis

• pharynxpharynx

Small, nipple-like elevations on the Small, nipple-like elevations on the tonguetongue

Salivary gland within the cheek, just Salivary gland within the cheek, just anterior to the earanterior to the ear

Rhythmic contractions of the tubular Rhythmic contractions of the tubular organsorgans

Throat, the common passageway for Throat, the common passageway for food from the mouth and for air from food from the mouth and for air from the nosethe nose

Vocabulary (cont’d)• portal veinportal vein

• proteaseprotease

• pulppulp

• pyloric pyloric

sphinctersphincter

Large vein bringing blood to the Large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestinesliver from the intestines

Enzyme that digests proteinEnzyme that digests protein

Soft tissue within a tooth, Soft tissue within a tooth, containing nerves and blood containing nerves and blood vesselsvessels

Ring of muscle at the end of the Ring of muscle at the end of the stomach, near the duodenum; stomach, near the duodenum; opens when a wave of peristalsis opens when a wave of peristalsis passes over itpasses over it

Vocabulary (cont’d)• pyloruspylorus

• rectumrectum

• rugaerugae

• salivasaliva

Distal region of the stomach, opening to Distal region of the stomach, opening to the duodenumthe duodenum

Last section of the large intestine, Last section of the large intestine, connecting the end of the colon and the connecting the end of the colon and the anusanus

Ridges on the hard palate and the wall of Ridges on the hard palate and the wall of the stomachthe stomach

Digestive juice produced by salivary Digestive juice produced by salivary glands; contains the enzyme amylaseglands; contains the enzyme amylase

Vocabulary (cont’d)• salivary glandssalivary glands

• sigmoid colonsigmoid colon

• sphinctersphincter

• stomachstomach

Parotid, sublingual, and Parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glandssubmandibular glands

Fourth and last, S-shaped segment Fourth and last, S-shaped segment of the colon, just before the rectum; of the colon, just before the rectum; empties into the rectumempties into the rectum

Circular ring of muscle that Circular ring of muscle that constricts a passage or closes a constricts a passage or closes a natural openingnatural opening

Muscular organ that receives food Muscular organ that receives food from the esophagusfrom the esophagus

Vocabulary (cont’d)• triglyceridestriglycerides

• uvulauvula

• villi (villi (singular: singular: villus)villus)

Fat molecules composed of three Fat molecules composed of three parts fatty acids and one part parts fatty acids and one part glycerol; subgroup of lipidsglycerol; subgroup of lipids

Soft tissue hanging from the Soft tissue hanging from the middle of the soft palatemiddle of the soft palate

Microscopic projections in the wall Microscopic projections in the wall of the small intestine that absorb of the small intestine that absorb nutrients into the bloodstreamnutrients into the bloodstream

Terminology – Combining FormsParts of the Body

• an/oan/o• append/o, append/o,

appendic/oappendic/o• bucc/obucc/o• cec/ocec/o• celi/oceli/o• cheil/ocheil/o• cholecyst/ocholecyst/o• choledoch/ocholedoch/o

anusanusappendixappendixcheekcheekcecumcecumbelly,abdomenbelly,abdomenliplipgallbladdergallbladdercommon bile ductcommon bile duct

Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning

Terminology – Combining FormsParts of the Body (cont’d)

• col/ocol/o coloncolon• colon/ocolon/o coloncolon• dent/ident/i toothtooth• duoden/oduoden/o duodenumduodenum• enter/oenter/o intestines, usually small intestines, usually small

intestineintestine• esophag/oesophag/o esophagusesophagus• faci/ofaci/o faceface• gastr/ogastr/o stomachstomach• gingiv/ogingiv/o gumsgums

• gloss/ogloss/o tonguetongue

• hepat/ohepat/o liverliver

• ile/oile/o ileumileum

• jejun/ojejun/o jejunumjejunum

• labi/olabi/o liplip

• lapar/olapar/o abdomenabdomen

• lingu/olingu/o tonguetongue

• mandibul/omandibul/o lower jaw, mandiblelower jaw, mandible

• odont/oodont/o toothtooth

• or/oor/o mouthmouth

• palat/opalat/o palatepalate

• pancreat/opancreat/o pancreaspancreas

• peritone/operitone/o peritoneumperitoneum

• pharyng/opharyng/o throatthroat

• proct/oproct/o anus and rectumanus and rectum

• pylor/opylor/o pyloric sphincterpyloric sphincter

• rect/orect/o rectumrectum

• sialaden/osialaden/o salivary glandsalivary gland

• sigmoid/osigmoid/o sigmoid colonsigmoid colon

• stomat/ostomat/o mouthmouth

• uvul/ouvul/o uvulauvula

Terminology – Combining FormsSubstances

• amyl/oamyl/o starchstarch

• bil/ibil/i gall, bilegall, bile

• bilirubin/obilirubin/o bilirubin (bile pigment)bilirubin (bile pigment)

• chol/echol/e gall or bilegall or bile

• chlorhydr/ochlorhydr/o hydrochloric acidhydrochloric acid

• gluc/ogluc/o sugarsugar

• glyc/oglyc/o sugarsugar

Terminology – Combining FormsSubstances (cont’d)

• glycogen/oglycogen/o glycogen, animal starchglycogen, animal starch

• lip/olip/o fatfat

• lith/olith/o stonestone

• prote/oprote/o proteinprotein

• py/opy/o puspus

• sial/osial/o saliva, salivarysaliva, salivary

• steat/osteat/o fatfat

Terminology – Suffixes

• -ase-ase enzymeenzyme

• -chezia-chezia defecation, elimination of defecation, elimination of wasteswastes

• -iasis-iasis abnormal conditionabnormal condition

• -prandial-prandial mealmeal

SuffixSuffix MeaningMeaning

Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Terminology (cont’d)

Three types of anastomosesThree types of anastomoses

QUICK QUIZ:

4. Which term means inflammation of 4. Which term means inflammation of the lip?the lip?

A.A. CholecystitisCholecystitisB.B. CeliacCeliacC.C.AppendicitisAppendicitisD.D.CheilitisCheilitis

Chapter 5Lesson 5.2

Pathology of the Digestive System

Signs and symptomsSigns and symptoms

• AnorexiaAnorexia – lack of appetite – lack of appetite

• AscitesAscites – abnormal accumulation of fluid in – abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomenthe abdomen

• Borborygmus Borborygmus ((plural: plural: borborygmiborborygmi) – ) – rumbling or gurgling noise produced by the rumbling or gurgling noise produced by the movement of gas, fluid, or both in the GI tractmovement of gas, fluid, or both in the GI tract

• Constipation Constipation – difficulty in passing stools– difficulty in passing stools

• DiarrheaDiarrhea – frequent passage of loose, watery – frequent passage of loose, watery stoolsstools

Pathology of the Digestive System (cont’d)

• Dysphagia Dysphagia – difficulty in swallowing– difficulty in swallowing

• Eructation Eructation – gas expelled from the – gas expelled from the stomach through the mouthstomach through the mouth

• Flatus Flatus – gas expelled through the anus– gas expelled through the anus

• Hematochezia Hematochezia – passage of fresh, bright – passage of fresh, bright red blood from the rectumred blood from the rectum

• Jaundice (icterus) Jaundice (icterus) – yellow-orange – yellow-orange coloration of the skin and whites of the coloration of the skin and whites of the eyes caused by high levels of bilirubin in eyes caused by high levels of bilirubin in the bloodthe blood

Pathology of the Digestive System (cont’d)

• MelenaMelena – black, tarry stools; feces – black, tarry stools; feces containing digested bloodcontaining digested blood

• Nausea Nausea – unpleasant sensation in the – unpleasant sensation in the stomach associated with a tendency to stomach associated with a tendency to vomitvomit

• Steatorrhea Steatorrhea – fat in the feces; frothy, – fat in the feces; frothy, foul-smelling fecal matterfoul-smelling fecal matter

Pathologic ConditionsOral Cavity and Teeth

• Aphthous stomatitisAphthous stomatitis – inflammation of – inflammation of the mouth with small, painful ulcersthe mouth with small, painful ulcers

• Dental cariesDental caries – tooth decay – tooth decay

• Herpetic stomatitisHerpetic stomatitis – inflammation of the – inflammation of the mouth by infection with the herpes virusmouth by infection with the herpes virus

• Oral leukoplakiaOral leukoplakia – white plaques or – white plaques or patchespatches

• Periodontal diseasePeriodontal disease – inflammation and – inflammation and degeneration of the gums, teeth and degeneration of the gums, teeth and surrounding bonesurrounding bone

Pathologic ConditionsUpper Gastrointestinal Tract

• Achalasia Achalasia –– failure of the lower failure of the lower esophagus sphincter (LES) muscle to esophagus sphincter (LES) muscle to relaxrelax

• Esophageal cancerEsophageal cancer – malignant tumor – malignant tumor of the esophagusof the esophagus

• Esophageal varicesEsophageal varices – swollen, varicose – swollen, varicose veins at the lower end of the esophagus veins at the lower end of the esophagus

• Gastric carcinomaGastric carcinoma – malignant tumor of – malignant tumor of the stomachthe stomach

Pathologic ConditionsUpper Gastrointestinal Tract (cont’d)

• Gastroesophageal reflux disease Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)(GERD) – solids and fluids return to the – solids and fluids return to the mouth from the stomachmouth from the stomach

• Peptic ulcerPeptic ulcer – open sore or lesion of – open sore or lesion of the mucous membrane of the stomach the mucous membrane of the stomach or duodenumor duodenum

Pathologic ConditionsUpper Gastrointestinal Tract (cont’d)

• Hernia Hernia – protrusion of an organ or part – protrusion of an organ or part through the muscle normally through the muscle normally containing itcontaining it

Pathologic ConditionsLower Gastrointestinal Tract Small and Large Intestines

• Anal fistula Anal fistula – abnormal tube-like – abnormal tube-like passageway near the anuspassageway near the anus

• Colonic polyposis Colonic polyposis – polyps protrude – polyps protrude from the mucous membrane of the from the mucous membrane of the coloncolon

Pathologic ConditionsLower Gastrointestinal TractSmall and Large Intestines (cont’d)

• Colorectal cancer Colorectal cancer – adenocarcinoma of the – adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum or both colon or rectum or both

Pathologic ConditionsLower Gastrointestinal TractSmall and Large Intestines (cont’d)• Crohn disease Crohn disease – chronic inflammation – chronic inflammation

of the intestinal tractof the intestinal tract

• Diverticulosis Diverticulosis – abnormal side – abnormal side pockets (outpouchings) in the intestinal pockets (outpouchings) in the intestinal wallwall

Pathologic ConditionsLower Gastrointestinal TractSmall and Large Intestines (cont’d)• Dysentery Dysentery – painful, inflamed intestines– painful, inflamed intestines

• Hemorrhoids Hemorrhoids – swollen, twisted, varicose – swollen, twisted, varicose veins in the rectal regionveins in the rectal region

• Ileus Ileus – failure of peristalsis with resulting – failure of peristalsis with resulting obstruction of the intestinesobstruction of the intestines

• Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) –– inflammation of the colon and small inflammation of the colon and small intestineintestine

Pathologic ConditionsLower Gastrointestinal TractSmall and Large Intestines (cont’d)• Intussusception Intussusception – telescoping of the – telescoping of the

intestinesintestines

• IBS IBS – irritable bowel syndrome – group of – irritable bowel syndrome – group of gastrointestinal symptoms associated with gastrointestinal symptoms associated with stress and tensionstress and tension

• Ulcerative colitis Ulcerative colitis – chronic inflammation of – chronic inflammation of the colon with the presence of ulcersthe colon with the presence of ulcers

• Volvulus Volvulus – twisting of the intestines on itself– twisting of the intestines on itself

Pathologic Conditions Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas• Cirrhosis Cirrhosis – chronic degenerative disease of the – chronic degenerative disease of the

liverliver

• Pancreatic cancer Pancreatic cancer – malignant tumor of the – malignant tumor of the pancreaspancreas

• Pancreatitis Pancreatitis – inflammation of the pancreas– inflammation of the pancreas

• Viral hepatitis Viral hepatitis – inflammation of the liver – inflammation of the liver caused by a viruscaused by a virus

Pathologic Conditions Liver Gallbladder, and Pancreas (cont’d)

• Cholelithiasis Cholelithiasis – gallstones in the gallbladder – gallstones in the gallbladder

Suffixes

• -ectasis, -ectasia -ectasis, -ectasia ____________________

• -emesis -emesis ____________________

• -pepsia-pepsia __________ __________

• -phagia-phagia ____________________

• -plasty-plasty ____________________

• -ptysis-ptysis __________ __________

Suffixes

• -ectasis, -ectasia -ectasis, -ectasia dilation, widening dilation, widening

• -emesis -emesis vomitingvomiting

• -pepsia-pepsia digestion digestion

• -phagia-phagia eating, swallowing eating, swallowing

• -plasty-plasty surgical repair surgical repair

• -ptysis-ptysis spitting spitting

Suffixes (cont’d)

• -rrhage, -rrhagia-rrhage, -rrhagia ____________________

• -rrhaphy-rrhaphy ____________________

• -rrhea -rrhea ____________________

• -spasm-spasm ____________________

• -stasis -stasis ____________________

• -stenosis -stenosis ____________________

• -tresia -tresia ____________________

Suffixes (cont’d)

• -rrhage, -rrhagia-rrhage, -rrhagia bursting forth (of blood)bursting forth (of blood)

• -rrhaphy-rrhaphy suturesuture

• -rrhea -rrhea flow, discharge flow, discharge

• -spasm-spasm involuntary contraction involuntary contraction of muscles of muscles

• -stasis -stasis stopping; controllingstopping; controlling

• -stenosis -stenosis narrowing, tighteningnarrowing, tightening

• -tresia -tresia opening opening

Suffixes (cont’d)

• Suffixes that are also used alone as Suffixes that are also used alone as separate terms:separate terms:

Emesis (emetic) Emesis (emetic) Spasm Spasm Stasis Stasis StenosisStenosis

QUICK QUIZ:

1. Which term means difficulty in 1. Which term means difficulty in swallowing?swallowing?

A.A. DysphasiaDysphasiaB.B. DysphagiaDysphagiaC.C.DysplasiaDysplasiaD.D.PolyphagiaPolyphagia

QUICK QUIZ: (cont’d)

2. Which term means to control or 2. Which term means to control or stop bleeding?stop bleeding?

A.A. HemostasisHemostasisB.B. HematomaHematomaC.C.HemoptysisHemoptysisD.D.CholestasisCholestasis

Combining Forms and Terminology

• bucc/obucc/o ____________________

• cec/ocec/o ____________________

• celi/oceli/o ____________________

• cheil/ocheil/o ____________________

• chol/echol/e ____________________

• cholangi/ocholangi/o ____________________

• cholecyst/ocholecyst/o ____________________

• choledoch/ocholedoch/o ____________________

Combining Forms and Terminology

• bucc/obucc/o cheekcheek

• cec/ocec/o cecumcecum

• celi/oceli/o abdomenabdomen

• cheil/ocheil/o liplip

• chol/echol/e gall, bilegall, bile

• cholangi/ocholangi/o bile duct (vessel)bile duct (vessel)

• cholecyst/ocholecyst/o gallbladdergallbladder

• choledoch/ocholedoch/o common bile ductcommon bile duct

Combining Forms and Terminology (cont’d)

• col/ocol/o ____________________

• colon/ocolon/o ____________________

• dent/ident/i ____________________

• duoden/oduoden/o ____________________

• enter/oenter/o ____________________

• esophag/oesophag/o ____________________

• gastr/ogastr/o ____________________

• gingiv/ogingiv/o ____________________

• col/ocol/o coloncolon

• colon/ocolon/o coloncolon

• dent/ident/i toothtooth

• duoden/oduoden/o duodenumduodenum

• enter/oenter/o intestinesintestines

• esophag/oesophag/o esophagusesophagus

• gastr/ogastr/o stomachstomach

• gingiv/ogingiv/o gumsgums

• gloss/ogloss/o ____________________

• gluc/ogluc/o ____________________

• glyc/oglyc/o ____________________

• hepat/ohepat/o ____________________

• herni/oherni/o ____________________

• ile/oile/o ____________________

• jejun/ojejun/o ____________________

• labi/olabi/o ____________________

• gloss/ogloss/o tonguetongue

• gluc/ogluc/o sugarsugar

• glyc/oglyc/o sugarsugar

• hepat/ohepat/o liverliver

• herni/oherni/o herniahernia

• ile/oile/o ileumileum

• jejun/ojejun/o jejunumjejunum

• labi/olabi/o liplip

• lingu/olingu/o ____________________

• lip/olip/o ____________________

• lith/olith/o ____________________

• odont/oodont/o ____________________

• or/oor/o ____________________

• palat/opalat/o ____________________

• pancreat/opancreat/o ____________________

• lingu/olingu/o tonguetongue

• lip/olip/o fatfat

• lith/olith/o stonestone

• odont/oodont/o toothtooth

• or/oor/o mouthmouth

• palat/opalat/o palatepalate

• pancreat/opancreat/o pancreaspancreas

• proct/oproct/o ____________________

• pylor/opylor/o ____________________

• rect/orect/o ____________________

• sialaden/osialaden/o ____________________

• splen/osplen/o ____________________

• steat/osteat/o ____________________

• stomat/ostomat/o ____________________

• proct/oproct/o anus and rectumanus and rectum

• pylor/opylor/o pyloric sphincterpyloric sphincter

• rect/orect/o rectumrectum

• sialaden/osialaden/o salivary glandsalivary gland

• splen/osplen/o spleenspleen

• steat/osteat/o fatfat

• stomat/ostomat/o mouthmouth

QUICK QUIZ:

3. Which term means enlarged liver?3. Which term means enlarged liver?

A.A. AcromegalyAcromegalyB.B. CardiomegalyCardiomegalyC.C.HepatomegalyHepatomegalyD.D.HepatitisHepatitis

Laboratory Tests andClinical Procedures

• Laboratory testsLaboratory testsLiver function tests (LFTs):Liver function tests (LFTs): tests for tests for

enzymes and bilirubin in bloodenzymes and bilirubin in bloodStool culture:Stool culture: test for microorganisms in test for microorganisms in

stoolstoolStool guaiac test or Hemoccult test:Stool guaiac test or Hemoccult test: test test

to detect blood in fecesto detect blood in feces

QUICK QUIZ:

4. Which of the following tests for the 4. Which of the following tests for the clear fluid that remains after blood clear fluid that remains after blood has clotted (serum)?has clotted (serum)?

A.A. Stool guaiacStool guaiacB.B. HemoccultHemoccultC.C.Stool cultureStool cultureD.D.LFTsLFTs

Laboratory Tests andClinical Procedures

• Clinical proceduresClinical proceduresX-raysX-rays

• Lower gastrointestinal series Lower gastrointestinal series (barium enema)(barium enema)

• Upper gastrointestinal seriesUpper gastrointestinal series• Cholangiography Cholangiography • Computed tomography (CT Computed tomography (CT

scan)scan)

Laboratory Tests andClinical Procedures (cont’d)

• Clinical proceduresClinical procedures

Ultrasound examinationUltrasound examination• Abdominal ultrasonographyAbdominal ultrasonography• Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS)Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS)

Magnetic resonance techniquesMagnetic resonance techniques• Magnetic resonance imaging Magnetic resonance imaging

(MRI)(MRI)

Nuclear medicine testNuclear medicine test• Hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid Hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid

scan (HIDA scan)scan (HIDA scan)

Laboratory Tests andClinical Procedures (cont’d)

• Other proceduresOther proceduresGastric bypass or bariatric surgery:Gastric bypass or bariatric surgery:

reduces stomach sizereduces stomach sizeGastrointestinal endoscopy:Gastrointestinal endoscopy: visual visual

examination of the GI tractexamination of the GI tractLaparoscopy:Laparoscopy: visual examination of the visual examination of the

abdomen abdomen Liver biopsy:Liver biopsy: removal of liver tissue for removal of liver tissue for

microscopic examinationmicroscopic examinationNasogastric intubation:Nasogastric intubation: insertion of a insertion of a

tube through the nose into the stomachtube through the nose into the stomachParacentesis (abdominocentesis):Paracentesis (abdominocentesis):

puncture to remove fluid from abdomenpuncture to remove fluid from abdomen

QUICK QUIZ:

5. Which procedure is a surgical 5. Which procedure is a surgical puncture to remove fluid from the puncture to remove fluid from the abdomen?abdomen?

A. LaparoscopyA. LaparoscopyB. LaparotomyB. LaparotomyC. AbdominectomyC. AbdominectomyD. AbdominocentesisD. Abdominocentesis

Abbreviations • alk phosalk phos

• ALT, ASTALT, AST

• BEBE

• BMBM

• BRBPRBRBPR

• CDCD

• CTCT

• EGDEGD

• ERCPERCP

____________________

Abbreviations • alk phosalk phos

• ALT, ASTALT, AST

• BEBE

• BMBM

• BRBPRBRBPR

• CDCD

• CTCT

• EGDEGD

• ERCPERCP

Alkaline phosphataseAlkaline phosphatase

Alanine transaminase, aspartate Alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminasetransaminase

Barium enemaBarium enema

Bowel movementBowel movement

Bright red blood per rectumBright red blood per rectum

Celiac diseaseCeliac disease

Computed tomographyComputed tomography

EsophagogastroduodenoscopyEsophagogastroduodenoscopy

Endoscopic retrograde Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographycholangiopancreatography

Abbreviations (cont’d)• EUSEUS• FOBTFOBT• G tubeG tube• GBGB• GERDGERD• GIGI• HBVHBV• IBDIBD• LACLAC• LFTsLFTs

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Abbreviations (cont’d)• EUSEUS• FOBTFOBT• G tubeG tube• GBGB• GERDGERD• GIGI• HBVHBV• IBDIBD• LACLAC• LFTsLFTs

Endoscopic ultrasonographyEndoscopic ultrasonographyFecal occult blood testFecal occult blood testGastrostomy tube; also stomach tube, PEG Gastrostomy tube; also stomach tube, PEG tubetubeGallbladderGallbladderGastroesophageal reflux diseaseGastroesophageal reflux diseaseGastrointestinalGastrointestinalHepatitis B virusHepatitis B virusInflammatory bowel diseaseInflammatory bowel diseaseLaparoscopic-assisted colectomyLaparoscopic-assisted colectomyLiver function testsLiver function tests

Abbreviations (cont’d) • MRIMRI

• NG tubeNG tube

• NPONPO

• PEG tubePEG tube

• PEJ tubePEJ tube

• PTHCPTHC

• PUDPUD

• TPNTPN

• T tubeT tube

____________________

Abbreviations (cont’d) • MRIMRI• NG tubeNG tube• NPONPO• PEG tubePEG tube• PEJ tubePEJ tube• PTHCPTHC• PUDPUD• TPNTPN• T tubeT tube

Magnetic resonance imagingMagnetic resonance imagingNasogastric tubeNasogastric tubeNothing by mouthNothing by mouthPercutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tubePercutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tubePercutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy tubePercutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy tubePercutaneous transhepatic cholangiographyPercutaneous transhepatic cholangiographyPeptic ulcer diseasePeptic ulcer diseaseTotal parenteral nutritionTotal parenteral nutritionTube placed in the bile duct for drainage Tube placed in the bile duct for drainage into a small pouch on the outside of the into a small pouch on the outside of the bodybody

Review Suffixes-ase-ase __________________________

-centesis-centesis __________________________

-chezia-chezia __________________________

-ectasia-ectasia __________________________

-ectasis-ectasis __________________________

-ectomy-ectomy __________________________

-emesis-emesis __________________________

-emia-emia __________________________

-genesis -genesis __________________________

Review Suffixes (cont’d)

• -ase -ase enzymeenzyme• -centesis -centesis surgical puncture to surgical puncture to

remove fluidremove fluid• -chezia -chezia defecation; elimination of defecation; elimination of

wasteswastes• -ectasia -ectasia stretching; dilation; stretching; dilation;

expansionexpansion• -ectasis-ectasis stretching; dilation; stretching; dilation;

expansionexpansion• -ectomy -ectomy removal; excision; removal; excision;

resectionresection• -emesis -emesis vomitingvomiting• -emia -emia blood conditionblood condition• -genesis -genesis producing; formingproducing; forming

-graphy-graphy __________________________

-iasis-iasis __________________________

-lysis-lysis __________________________

-megaly-megaly __________________________

-orexia-orexia __________________________

-pathy-pathy __________________________

-pepsia -pepsia __________________________

-phagia -phagia __________________________

• -graphy -graphy process of recordingprocess of recording• -iasis -iasis abnormal conditionabnormal condition• -lysis -lysis breakdown; separation; breakdown; separation;

destruction; destruction; looseningloosening

• -megaly -megaly enlargementenlargement• -orexia -orexia appetiteappetite• -pathy-pathy disease; emotiondisease; emotion• -pepsia-pepsia digestiondigestion• -phagia -phagia eating; swallowingeating; swallowing

-prandial-prandial _____________ _____________

-plasty-plasty __________________________

-ptosis-ptosis __________________________

-ptysis-ptysis __________________________

-rrhage-rrhage __________________________

-rrhagia-rrhagia __________________________

-rrhaphy-rrhaphy __________________________

-rrhea-rrhea __________________________

• -prandial-prandial meal meal • -plasty-plasty surgical repairsurgical repair• -ptosis-ptosis droop; sag; prolapse; droop; sag; prolapse;

fallfall• -ptysis-ptysis spittingspitting• -rrhage-rrhage bursting forth (of blood)bursting forth (of blood)• -rrhagia-rrhagia bursting forth (of blood)bursting forth (of blood)• -rrhaphy-rrhaphy suturesuture• -rrhea-rrhea flow; dischargeflow; discharge

Review Suffixes (cont’d)-scopy-scopy __________________________

-spasm-spasm __________________________

-stasis-stasis __________________________

-stenosis-stenosis __________________________

-stomy-stomy __________________________

-tomy-tomy __________________________

-tresia-tresia __________________________

Review Suffixes (cont’d)• -scopy-scopy visual examinationvisual examination• -spasm-spasm sudden contraction of sudden contraction of

musclesmuscles• -stasis-stasis stop; control; placestop; control; place• -stenosis-stenosis tightening; stricturetightening; stricture• -stomy-stomy new opening (to form a new opening (to form a

mouth)mouth)• -tomy-tomy process of cuttingprocess of cutting• -tresia-tresia openingopening

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