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Way forward to renewable integration
Dipl.-Ing. Dr. techn. Werner FRIEDL
Werner FRIEDL | Energy Department | Electric Energy Systems
The AIT is Austria‘s
largest non-university
research institute
AIT Austrian Institute of Technology
Ownership structure
50.46%
Republic of Austria
49.54% Federation
of Austrian Industries
Funding
30% Co-funded
research
30% Contract
Research
40% Federal Funds
AIT focuses on
Infrastructure-Research
Energy
Mobility
Digital Safety & Security
Health & Environment
Innovation Systems
Research and Technology
Organisation
Employees
≈ 1,300
RTO
Industry
Scientific community Public authority
1.9.2015 2
AIT Energy – Research Fields
Modeling & Simulation
Cyber-Physical Systems
High Performance
Computing
District Heating & Cooling
Energy in Industries
Renewable Heating & Cooling
Thermal Energy Systems Complex Energy Systems
Smart Grids Network Planning & Operation
Smart Grid Controllers & ICT
Power Electronics & Network
Components
Urban & Regional
Energy Strategies
Energy Concepts for
Urban Neighbourhoods
Smart Cities & Regions
Photovoltaics Performance &
Reliability
Building integrated PV
Emerging Technologies
Building Management
Building Optimization
Smart Buildings
1.9.2015 3
AIT Energy – Electric Energy Systems
4 1.9.2015
Integration of Distributed
Generation, Flexibility, E-
Mobility, etc.
Interaction transmission and
distribution system
Interactions electricity and
thermal grids
Robust & scalable control
architectures
Information & communication
technologies for monitoring &
automation
Advanced metering
infrastructure
Power electronic converters
for grid-connected systems
High current applications &
insulation systems
Grid codes & interconnection
requirements
Planning and Operation ICT and Controls Power Electronics & System
Components
Research Field – Smart Grids System, Grid Integration and Technologies
Outline of the presentation
5 1.9.2015
Grid codes
development
Development of
renewable energy
sources in Europe
Use of
Flexibility
Grid integration
of Renewables
Electricity Market
model of Europe
1
2
3
5
4
European Electricity Market Model
6 1.9.2015
Retailer Retailer
Wholesale Market
regulated
monopoly
de
reg
ula
ted
op
en
ma
rke
t
Transmission
Electricity Network
Distribution
P
C C C C C
P P P
C
C
P
E-Control
BnetzA
CRE
… National
Regulatory
Authorities
„European
Regulator“:
European Energy Policy - Overall Timeline
7 1.9.2015
1951 - 1970
1970 - 1986
1986 - 1992
1990s
2000 - today
Start of European cooperation/integration based on post-
war energy needs
A number of severe energy crises demand increased
European cooperation and common policy measures
Single market and liberalisation are discussed
Creation of the EU, Growing importance of
environment/renewables, Gradual liberalisation of
energy markets
Sustainability
Security of supply, competitiveness
Energy policy to become EU competence
Push for Sustainability
8 1.9.2015
before 1990
1990
1996/1997
1997
2009
Link between environmental protection and energy consumption became more apparent
through various World Climate and Environment Conferences: Greenhouse effect
dominated the agenda
Climate and Energy Package:
20-20-20 target
Kyoto Conference brought about more measures to achieve reduced CO2 emissions
Commission tabled a green book and a white book on renewable energy calling for a
market share of renewable energy of 12% until 2010
Commission produced guidelines on energy and environment calling for measures to
combat the greenhouse effect; European Environment Agency was founded
20% reduction of green house gas emissions
20% increase in renewable energy and
20% increase in energy efficiency (until 2020)
2014 EU 2030 climate and energy
Framework:
40% cuts in greenhouse gas emissions (from 1990 levels)
27% share for renewable energy
27% improvement in energy efficiency
Development of generation costs + effects
9 1.9.2015
0.20
0.16
0.12
0.08
0.00
0.04
PV
sm
all
PV
utilit
y
Win
d o
ffsh
ore
Win
d o
nsh
ore
Bio
ga
s
Co
al
lign
ite
Co
al
ha
rd
CC
GT
na
tura
l g
as
Levelized Cost of Electricity in € per kWh
> 34 GW
in Germany
> 23 GW
in Spain
≈ 1700 MW
in Austria
(Source: Fraunhofer ISE, Germany 2013)
Installed power of wind (in GW)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
≈ 120 GW
(end of 2013)
(Source: EWEA, “Wind in power - 2013 European statistics” 2014)
Photovoltaic growth in Europe
10 1.9.2015
> 35 GW
in Germany
> 20 GW
in Italy
≈ 630 MW
in Austria
(Source: EPIA, “Global Market Outlook for Photovoltaics 2014-2018,” 2014)
Massive growth due to:
Substantial subsidies
Reduced costs for PV
heterogeneous distribution of the
installed capacity (countries / regions)
> 80 GW
(end of 2013)
Special characteristics of PV on the example Germany
11 1.9.2015
0
5
10
15
20
25
Leis
tun
g (G
W)
Geothermie
Gase
Biomasse
Wasserkraft
Windkraft
Solarstrom
70 % of the overall
capacity is installed in
low voltage networks
Cost efficient network
integration is a
challenge
≈ 90% of all renewable power generation is connected to distribution
networks
Geothermal
Gas
Biomass
Hydro
Wind
PV
Ca
pa
cit
y (
GW
)
(Source: EnergyMap www.energymap.info)
15 GW
< 30 kW
Distribution of the installed capacity according unit size (Status 11.2014)
Heterogeneous distribution of installed PV capacity
12 1.9.2015
Bavaria:
>800 W/habitant
Italy: >6% of electricity
demand
(Source: EPIA-Global Market Outlook 2013)
€ / kWh
years
grid parity
Trends in photovoltaic
13 1.9.2015
Decreasing PV system costs
Low or even no subsidies
„Photovoltaics is evolving from
an investors’ market to
an energy-savings’ market“ (Press Release EPIA, 27.11.2013)
Grid parity already reached (Spain, Italy, France (South), Germany)
Self consumption (with/without storage systems)
Direct Marketing (since EEG
2012, in Germany) (Source: TheClimateGroup.org)
Transition from uni- to bidirectional distribution grids
14 1.9.2015
(Source: Frauenhofer IWES, 2014)
Example of load flow – measured at 110kV/20kV substation (German MV case study within IEA Task 14 (Courtesy of Bayernwerk AG)
0
dem
an
d
po
we
r to
gri
d
Renewables integration
15 1.9.2015
Distributed Energy Resources (DER) the shift from from
troublemaker to troubleshooter
„fit and forget“
no active role of DER
„network services by DER“
Integration means to take over network
services
disconnection in case of
faults
over- and under frequency
over- and under voltage
resulted in “problems” - e.g. 50.2 Hz problem
RES have to support grid operation
Fault ride through (FRT)
Frequency control
Local voltage support
From DER required grid services
16 1.9.2015
AREA1: Generating plants (GP) have to remain connected to the
networks; AREA2: GP should not disconnect (if DSO ask for) and feed-
in reactive current; AREA3: Short disconnection (>2sec) and
immediate re-synchronisation allowed; AREA4: No requirements to
remain connected
Fault Ride Through
(FRT)
Contribution to
Voltage Control
(Source: Benoit Bletterie et.al. – AIT)
Italy (CEI 0-21 8.4.4.2)
Germany (BDEW and AR4105)
17 1.9.2015
ressources generation transmission distribution demand
trader supplier
fossil
hydro large
wind
sun
hydro small
natural gas
biomass solid/liquid/gaseous
power plants
heat
process energy
e-mobility
cooling energy
data hub, ICT, services
wind mills
PV
hydro power
CHP small
thermal small
Grid
Smart Grid
Smart
Meter
storage
dec. storage
further(optional)
market actors
VPP VPP Demand Response
Regulation Grid Codes and Market Rules
regulation regulation regulation regulation Regulation Grid Codes and Market Rules
Austrian Grid Codes and Market Rules facilitate and guarantee proper functioning of electricity market
18 1.9.2015
TOR Part A
terms, sources
TOR Part C
grids
<110kV
TOR Part D
specific techn. rules
D1: system perturbation relevant electrical equipment
D2: guidelines for the assesment of system perturbation
D3: audio-frequency ripple control, prevention of inadmissible disturbances
D4: parallel operation of el. generating units with distribution networks
TOR Part E
major outages
TOR Part F
metering
Grid Code Technische und organisatorische Regeln (TOR)
ElWOG 2010 section 7, 46.: “market rules” means
the total sum of all legal or contractual rules,
regulations and provisions which participants in the
electricity market must comply with in order to
facilitate and guarantee the proper functioning of this
market
TOR Part B
grids
≥110 kV
Other Market Arrangements Sonstige Marktregeln
Austrian Grid Codes and Market Rules facilitate and guarantee proper functioning of electricity market
19 1.9.2015
Grid Code Technische und organisatorische Regeln (TOR)
Other Market Arrangements Sonstige Marktregeln
Conditions of vital importance for functioning
of market, e.g.:
Relationships market particip.
Schedules (injected/ withdrawn
electricity)
Metering & billing
Standard load profiles
Clearing
Customer switching
Regulatory authority drafts documents
together with market participants in order to
publish or regulates via ordinance
C & S Agent *)
Grid Operators
Balance Group
Representative Consumer
Suppliers,
Generators
Control Area
Manager
*) balance group coordinator
European Network Codes
20 1.9.2015
… to facilitate the
of the European electricity market
With guidance from ACER* the network codes
are drafted by ENTSO **
EC defines
priorities
6 months
EC requests ACER
to submit framework
guidelines
Agency prepares
framework
guidelines
ENTSO prepares
network code
12 months
EC requests
ENTSO to
submit
network code
ACER
assesses
network
code ENTSO
submits
network code
to ACER
ACER submits network code
to EC when satisfied, recommending
approval via Comitology
CO
MIT
OL
OG
Y
3 months
* Agency for the Cooperation of
Energy Regulators
** European Network of
Transmission System Operator
harmonisation,
integration and
efficiency
EU network codes are divided along 3 key areas
21 1.9.2015
Operational Codes Market Codes
Requirements for Generators
Demand Connection Code
High Voltage Direct Current
Connections
Operational Security
Operational Planning & Scheduling
Load Frequency Control & Reserves
Capacity Alloc. & Congestion
Management (CACM)
Forward Capacity Allocation
Electricity Balancing (Source: ÊNTSO-E)
Connection Codes Operational Codes Market Codes
intraday
+ day ahead
+ capacity calculation
CACM
Potential key issues and next steps: Flexibility
22 1.9.2015
Opportunities that Smart grids could deliver
interactions and synergies of gas, electricity, heat and cooling
to increase flexibility
Demand Side
Response & flexibility
• maximise incentives
• minimise entry barriers
Potential Barriers, including:
• data access (previous work)
• use of storage
Incentives
• Mechanisms
• Structure
Regulatory and Commercial
Arrangements:
• role of the DSOs/TSOs
• trading/provision of smart grid
services … use market mechanism whenever possible!
„last mile“!
Smart
Grids
1
23 1.9.2015
TSO
TSO
TSO
TSO
DSO
TSO
TSO
DSO
DSO
DSO
DSO
DSO
TSO
Supplier
Supplier
Supplier
TSO
frequency response
short term operating reserve
fast response
overall load reduction
constraints management (load reduction)
portfolio optimization
peak shifting
valley filling
fault management
losses reduction
black start reserve
voltage control
peak shifting (avoid grid reinforcement)
frequency
control
primary
secondary
tertiary
…
Provider:
national differences
domestic consumers
commercial consumers
industrial consumers
distributed generators
generators (> 5 MW)
…
Flexibility services
list of
Users:
Regulatory and Commercial Arrangements
24 1.9.2015
Aggregator
Roles and
responsibilities
Incentives are required
25 1.9.2015
Conclusion
26 1.9.2015
Growing visibility of renewable
energy sources in electric power
grids (on distribution and transmission grid
level)
Renewable/distributed energy
(re)sources offers a wide range of
potential technical services for the grid Compensation of reactive power, Maintaining Voltage
Limitations, Improvement of Power Quality
Fault-Ride-Through, Reduction of Capacity
…
open questions on a technical,
economical and/or political level Integration of renewable energy sources in future smart
grid visions
Fair and adequate distribution of the costs Intelligent planning will reduce costs
Competition is an impressive and
effective tool for innovation!
AIT Austrian Institute of Technology your ingenious partner
Dipl.-Ing. Dr. techn. Werner FRIEDL
AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH
Giefinggasse 2 | 1210 Vienna | Austria
T +43 50550-6037 | M +43 664 9667231
werner.friedl@ait.ac.at | http://www.ait.ac.at
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