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OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY EXTENSION

CFAES provides research and related educational programs to clientele on a nondiscriminatory basis. For

more information: go.osu.edu/cfaesdiversity.

washington.osu.edu

Washington County 4-H Quality Assurance Study Guide

Testing Categories (Primary Project Area): Large Animals: Beef, Sheep, Swine, Dairy, DFS and Goats Small Animals: Rabbits, Turkeys, Ducks, Chickens, Geese The following information is provided as an aid designed to assist the youth market livestock exhibitor in focusing their studying efforts on the basic areas of Quality Assurance that are addressed on the test. In no way does this guide imply or offer the only information that will be included on the Quality Assurance test. The majority of the testing material was taken directly from the project record book and supplemental resource handbooks. Additional study materials can be found on the Washington County Extension website. General Testing Topics Include:

Husbandry

Housing

Animal Identification

Biosecurity

Feeding

Medications

Injections and Routes of Administration

The Ten Good Production Practices

Animal Diseases

Animal Welfare

Handling and Transportation of Animals

Record Keeping

Making ethical decisions

Regulatory Agencies and laws

Environment

Consumer and Food Safety

Proper storage and disposal of medications, feeds, supplies, etc

Drug Labels

1/22/2018

Food Animal Quality Assurance

Assuring Quality Care for Animals

Food Safety and Government Relations

Youth Food Animal Quality Assurance

Curriculum Guidego.osu.edu/AQCA

Who is Responsible for Food Safety?

• All segments of the production chain

• At the live animal level:• Food animal producers including:

• Youth food animal project members

• Parents/guardians/family members of youth

Quality Assurance

• Assurance is a pledge or promise

• Quality defined 2 ways -• A food product preferred by

consumers

• A safe, wholesome food product

How Can Youth Exhibitors Ensure Food Safety?

• Supply the packer/processor with animals and/or food products free from drug and chemical residues and physical hazards

• Youth exhibitors must also be aware of withdrawal times

1/22/2018

Ethics and AnimalWelfare

Youth Food Animal Quality Assurance

Curriculum Guide

go.osu.edu/AQCA

Youth Livestock Exhibitors• Most public arena of

the food animal industry

• Actions of 4-H & FFA members impact:– Public perception of

food animal industry

– Food quality and safety

Remember: You are representing your organization, club, county, the industry, your

family, and yourself!

• Does the practice break FDA, state, or federal laws?• Does the practice harm the animal?• Does the practice falsely represent the animal?• Do you have to lie to cover up the practice?• Would the public be upset if they knew about the

practice?• Are the food products from this animal marketable? • Would you eat the food produced from this animal?

Ethical Decisions –ASK YOURSELF…

• Daily Observation

– Keep track of observations looking for patterns

– Ensures prompt reaction to needs

– Animal production gives us direction!• Average Daily Gain (ADG)

• Feed Efficiency (FE)

• Physical Evaluation

• Disease

• Behavior Abnormalities

Animal Well-BeingOHIO STATE UNIVERSITY EXTENSION

Body Condition Scoring (BCS)

Animal Well-Being

1/22/2018

• Space

– Stand up

– Lie down

– Turn around

– When lying, a full lateral recumbency should be achieved

• Head should be free from resting on feeder

• Tail should not be in contact with fencing at the same time

Animal Well-BeingOHIO STATE UNIVERSITY EXTENSION

• Euthanasia

– Work with your veterinarian and the VCPR you have established

– Sometimes this is necessary

– Timely –• If animal shows no improvement as a result of severe

condition or illness for more than 2 consecutive days this might be viable option.

– CONSULT with your VETERINARIAN

Animal Well-Being

Moving Animals

• Be aware of and use the flight zone

• Make sure pathways are clear of obstructions– Can cause bruising and injury

• No yelling, poking, hitting, shocking– Avoid use of electric prods!

• Willful acts of abuse – Unacceptable on any farm or in any show barn!

Right versus Wrong! • Just because another person is doing it?

• Just because we know the person doing it?

• Just because you respect that person?

• THINK! Then ASK!

– If you observe willful acts of abuse you should stop the situation

• If you feel threatened then tell someone confidentially and let them handle the situation

Animal Well-Being

Use a Valid Veterinarian/Client/Patient

Relationship as the Basis for Medication Decision-making

Good Production Practice #1

go.osu.edu/AQCA

Important to establish

Manage the health of project animal(s)

Prevention of drug residues

Required for prescription drugs, extra‐label drug use and Veterinary Feed Directives (VFD)

Veterinarian/Client/Patient Relationship (VCPR)

GPP #1

1/22/2018

What is needed for this relationship?

Required that the veterinarian:

has seen and has knowledge of the animal

has discussed a healthy plan or any treatments with the owner

GPP #1

1. Over the Counter Drugs (OTC)

Can be purchased without a prescription

Should consult veterinarian before use

MUST follow label instructions EXACTLY.

Basic Classes of Drugs

GPP #1

2. Prescription Drugs (Rx)

Drugs that require a veterinarian’s written permission for use (prescription).

Label of a Rx drug will state

“CAUTION” “Federal law restricts use by

or on the order of a licensed veterinarian.”

Basic Classes of Drugs

GPP #1

1. Label Use Using the drug EXACTLY as stated on the label.

2. Off Label Use of a drug in a manner other than what is

stated on the label AND without guidance from a veterinarian under the extra-label policy.

ILLEGAL

Types of Drug Use

GPP #1

3. Extra‐Label Using an animal drug in a

manner not in accordance with the approved drug labeling, but with the guidance of a veterinarian

Types of Drug Use

GPP #1

Examples of Extra‐Label drug use:

Increased dosage Changing route of administration Changing length of treatment Treating a disease or condition not listed on

the label Treating a species not listed on the label NOTE: must obtain withdrawal time from vet!

Extra-Label

GPP #1

1/22/2018

Category for new antimicrobial drugs used in the feed to treat disease

Must have a VFD to feed the product

Extra-label use NOT permitted

Veterinary Feed Directive

GPP #1

Establish and Implement an Efficient and Effective Health

Management Plan

Health Management Plan

•Herd/Flock health is a key to food safety! Controls disease

Reduces risk of drug residue

Improves health and welfare

Increases production and efficiency

Costs less money to prevent than to treat

Establishes vaccination plans, biosecurity protocols & emergency preparedness

Health Management Plan Components

•Should include these key components

Veterinarian/Client/Patient Relationship (VCPR)

Development of a herd/flock health plan

Development of a biosecurity plan

Foreign animal disease and emergency preparedness procedures

Herd/Flock Health PlanWork with your veterinarian to develop

• Vaccination protocols• Parasite control protocols• A schedule of regular health checks –

review vaccination & treatment records, discuss health concerns

• A calendar to execute the health plan

Development Biosecurity Plan

1/22/2018

Biosecurity Plan• Part of an effective health plan• Uses management practices to reduce risk of infectious diseases•Maximize animal health and performance•Minimize food borne contamination

Disease Transmission from Farm to Farm

Rodents, wildlife, birds, petsBetween animalsSame speciesDifferent species

Vehicles, EquipmentNew animalsHumans Clothes, shoesAir

Biosecurity can be either:

•External•Keeping diseases out of a herd/flock

•Internal•Keeping diseases already in one or more segments of the herd/flock from spreading to other segments

Internal Biosecurity• Work with your veterinarian when you

have a sick animal• Have separate facilities for sick animals• Have clothing/shoes/boots that are only

worn to the barn• Keep feed and feed bunks free of manure• Clean waterers on a regular basis

Use Antibiotics Responsibly

go.osu.edu/AQCA

• Treatment of illness

• Control and prevention of disease

• Improve nutritional efficiency

Antibiotic Use in Food Animal Production

1/22/2018

Principles for responsible antibiotic use:

• Take appropriate steps to decrease the need for antibiotics

• Assess advantages and disadvantages

• Use antibiotics only when they provide measurable benefits

• Fully implement the management practices described for responsible use of animal health products into daily operation

• Have a working veterinarian/client/patient relationship (VCPR) and follow the responsible antibiotic use guidelines

Guidelines for use:

• Use a veterinarian to help you make decisions

• Treat only when there is a clinical diagnosis

• Treat only ill or at-risk animals - the fewest number

• Carefully review and justify treatment when dealing with potential antibiotic resistant infections

• It is illegal to mix together medications by a producer

• Handle and dispose of animal health products properly to minimize environmental exposure

Properly Store and Administer Animal Health Products

Who is responsible for proper drug administration?

• Exhibitors

• Parents/Guardians

• Producers

Responsible Drug Use• Make sound decisions

– Read, understand and follow label directions

– Keep and know medication records and animal ID treatment status of ALL animals

– Identify all treated animals (refer to GPP 6)

– Keeping records

• Removes doubt when marketing previously treated animals

• Helps to assure proper withdrawal times for an animal

Animal Health Products –Best Practices

• Keep box, medication, and all labels together during storage

• Keep medication labels for your records– Attach in the back of record books or keep with

treatment records

• Keep records for at least one year

1/22/2018

ALWAYS READ THE LABEL!

Administering Medications• Types of Injections

– Intramuscular (IM)

• in the muscle

– Subcutaneous (SQ)

• under the skin

– Implants are a subcutaneous injection given in the ear of cattle

• Work with your veterinarian

• No withdrawal time

• Improves growth and feed efficiency

Administering Medications

– Intraperitoneal (IP) – in the abdominal cavity• Seek veterinary assistance

• Serious injury including death may occur

– Intravenous (IV) – in the vein • Seek veterinary assistance

• Serious injury including death may occur

Administering Medications• Other types

– Intranasal (IN) – in the nasal passages

– Intramammary Infusion –in the udder through the teat canal

These injections do not use a needle!

Needle-Use Guidelines• Change needles frequently

– Preferably after each animal

• Retrieve dropped needles and dispose immediately

• Change bent needles

– Never straighten

• Ensure proper disposal of sharps

– Needles, surgical knife blades, and syringes

Follow Proper Feed Product Protocols

1/22/2018

Medicated Feeds and Current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMPs)

• Medicated cGMPs require that feed

– Complies with federal residue levels for feed

– Assesses feed additives and veterinary drugs used in feed are safe

– Identification of animals fed medicated feed is required

– Meets the required withdrawal time

Medicated Feeds• Can only feed at level approved by FDA

– No extra-label use of medicated feeds

– This is ILLEGAL!

• Feed at level as indicated on the feed label instructions– Consult veterinarian or nutritionist with

questions

Storage of Medicated Feeds

• Store at proper moisture and temperature

• Keep medicated feeds separate from non-medicated feeds

Cross-Contamination• To pollute or taint by contact

• What can you do to reduce the risk of cross-contamination?

– Use different feed scoops• Red for medicated

• Green or another color for non-medicated

– Properly clean feed mixing equipment

– Store medicated feed and other feeds separately

Guidelines for Good Feeding Practices

• Good housekeeping

• Feed storage

• Handling

• Clean and safe environment

• Labels

• Follow feed tag directions & processor recommendations

• Recordkeeping

READ THE LABEL

• Age and type of animal feeding

• Nutrient needs

• Active drug ingredient and withdrawal time

• Know how to calculate proper amounts!!– Consult nutritionist, veterinarian, or

Extension professional

1/22/2018

OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY EXTENSIONMed

icated

l OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY EXTENSION

Recordkeeping• Record use of medicated feeds

• Keep complete records of feed formulation

• Swine, sheep, goats, poultry– Keep records 1 year

• Beef and dairy– Keep records 2 years

Veterinary Feed DirectiveA VFD is a written statement issued by a licensedveterinarian that authorizes the use of an approvedVFD drug or combination VFD drug in or on an animalfeed. This written statement authorizes the client(owner of the animal) to obtain and use animal feedbearing or containing a VFD drug or combination VFDdrug to treat the client’s animals only in accordancewith the conditions for use approved by the FDA(Food and Drug Administration).

Establish Effective Animal Identification, Medication Records,

and Withdrawal TimeGood Production Practice #6

go.osu.edu/AQCA

Why is ID important?• Important management tool for producers

• Performance measurements

• Identify treated animals

• Track ownership and movement

• From birth to harvest

• Track disease outbreaks in food animal industry

• Ensure consumer confidence through traceability of food animal products

Identification Methods

• Freeze Branding• Preferred method

• No damage to hide and less stress to animal

• Hot Branding• Typically used as a farm or

group ID

• Damage to hide and decreases value

1/22/2018

• Tattoo• Permanent

• Not easy to read for daily management

• DNA• Blood or hair

• Unique to each animal

• Nose Print• Like a finger print

• Unique to each animal

• Ear Tags• Most common form of

• Common ear tag is the least expensive

• Electronic ID (EID)• Ear tag, implant or

rumen bolus

• Ear notching• Used commonly in

• Permanent

• Neck Chain

• Wing Band

• Leg Band

Scrapie ID Program

• What animals must have a scrapie ID tag?• ALL intact sheep and goats

• ALL sheep and goats over 18 months (including wethers)

• Purchased outside of Ohio

• Enter Ohio and used for exhibition or breeding purposes

• Records must be kept for 5 years including: • Name and address of breeder, and

• Buyer

1/22/2018

Maintain Medication Treatment Records

• All food producers are required to keep medication and treatment records.

• Ohio Drug Use Notification Form (DUNF) must be filled out by ALL exhibitors of market and lactating animal projects.

Treatment Records

• Should include:• Individual animal ID

• Date treated

• Name of product administered

• Amount of drug administered (dosage)

Treatment Records

• Should include:• Route and location of administration

• Withdrawal period

• Earliest date animal(s) will have cleared the withdrawal period

• Identity of the person who administered

Treatment Records

• Can include other important information:• Condition being treated

• Weight of animal

• Product lot/serial number

• Results, comments

• Look at species record books and quality assurance programs for treatment record options

Minimum Treatment Record

Animal ID

Date & Time Product Dosage

Route of

With-drawal Period

Date & Time Withdrawal Complete

Person Adminis-

tering

7/4/18

9 AMOmni-biotic

10 cc IM28

days8/1/18

Joe Johnson,

From Project Record Book

Treatment Record Forms

• Drug Use Notification Form (DUNF)

• Must be filled out by every animal exhibitor

• Keep accurate records to correctly fill out form before exhibiting animal

1/22/2018

Treatment Record Forms

• Individual or Pen Treatment Records• Project record books

• Resource handbooks

• PQA Level III Manual

• Ohio Beef Quality Assurance Manual

* Ohio Law REQUIRES 1 year. These are recommendations by species.

How long should you keep your records?

Species Years

Poultry, Rabbit 1

Beef, Dairy Beef 2

Swine 3

Sheep, Goats (Required by federal law) 5

Dairy Cows & Heifers 5

Animal Tracing

• An animal tracing movement record includes:• Animal’s or group’s identification number

• PIN of sending and receiving premises

• Date of movement

• Number of animals moved and reason for movement

• Maintain records for recommended time depending on species and make available to animal health officials for inspection

Avoid Drug Residue: Know and Observe Withdrawal Times

• Period of time that must pass between the last treatment and the time the animal…

• Will be harvested

• Milk taken

• Eggs harvested

Avoid Drug Residue Violations• Do NOT market animals for food until the withdrawal

time is complete

• Only use medication approved for the species being treated

• Do exactly as the label directs or as prescribed by the veterinarian

• Consult veterinarian with questions and concerns

• If in doubt, conduct a drug residue test

Practice Good Environmental Stewardship

go.osu.edu/AQCA

1/22/2018

Practice Good Environmental Stewardship

• The goal of environmental stewardship is to protect our natural resources.

• Water

• Air

• Land

• Includes being a good neighbor in our community.

Environmental Management Practices

• There are five main environmental managementpractices that help producers protect our water,air and land.

• General Site Conditions

• Buildings

• Manure Management

• Emergency Action Plan (EAP)

• Inspection

• Each state has different nutrient management requirements that producers should follow on their farm.

• Manure storage systems should be sized to contain the anticipated manure generation from the maximum number of animals that could be housed at the operation for the time periods between manure removal set forth in the operation’s Nutrient Management Plan (NMP).

Manure Management

• Emergency contact phone numbers should be posted near telephones, the entrance gate and/or outside the buildings.

• The EAP can include:

• Operation Information

• Site Contacts Plan

• Hazard Plan

• Maintenance/Training Center information

Emergency Action Plan

Daily, Weekly and Monthly Inspections• Manure storage and disposal method• Insect and rodent population control method• Drinking water and cooling devices• Pens, alley and facilities free of excessive manure• Fencing• Building ventilation system• Disposal of animal health products• Cooling and heating systems• Proper shelter and shade• Dead animal disposal methods• Emergency contact list

Maintain Proper Workplace Safety

go.osu.edu/AQCA

1/22/2018

Maintain Proper Workplace Safety

• Safety is everyone’s responsibility including exhibitors, family members, friends, and so on.

• If any one person does not take a personal responsibility for working in and maintaining a safe work area, that person puts himself/herself and others at risk.

Emergency Action Plan

All caretakers must be familiar with emergency procedures for the operation.• Farm Emergency Information Sheet listing who to call, what to say and what

steps to follow in case of an emergency.• Address of facility.• People at the farm trained in first aid.• Location of first aid kits, fire extinguishers and alarms.• Evacuation plan for each building.• Emergency farm map.• Emergency contact information outside building for caretakers and neighbors

to use if they notice something is wrong.Owner number, veterinarian number, power and electric company, emergency 911, etc.

Personal Protective Equipment

•Designed to protect you from loud noises, dust, chemicals and other substances that can harm your health.

•Wear equipment the entire time you’re working on a task.

•Keep PPE clean and in good shape and check for damage each time you wear it.

• Wash hands before and after working in barn and with animals.

• Wear waterproof and puncture resistant gloves when caring for sick animals or assisting with procedures.

• Wear facial protection whenever exposed to splashes or sprays.

• Clean all injured areas with soap and water immediately.• Establish designated areas for eating and drinking.

Personal Hygiene

Other Ways to Promote Health and Safety

Needle Sticks and Cuts• Dispose of all sharps in designated puncture-proof sharps containers.

• Report all accidental injections and cuts to an adult immediately.

Safe Animal Handling• Understand typical animal behavior by reviewing GPP 9.

Provide Proper Animal Handling and Care

go.osu.edu/AQCAAdapted from National Pork Board, Youth Pork Quality Assurance Plus Handbook

Lucinda B. Miller, Ph.D., Extension Specialist, 4-H Youth Development

1/22/2018

Proper Animal Care and Well-Being• Every caretaker (youth exhibitor, parent,

guardian, producer, etc.) has ethical responsibility to protect and promote well-being of animals in his/her care by– Providing feed, water, and shelter (environment)

– Providing proper care, handling and transportation

– Protecting animal health and providing appropriate treatment, including veterinary care

– Using approved practices to euthanize in timely manner and properly dispose of carcass

Three Basic Needs

• Water

• Food

• Shelter– Environment

Water• Provide clean, fresh, cool water DAILY• Sufficient water for all animals• Clean waterers on regular basis• Know water requirements for your animals• Water requirements change based on

– Weather/environment– Maturity of animal– Feed consumption– Species– Stage of production

• Know nutrient needs of the animals

• Feed proper amount of feed

• Avoid restricting feed to maintain a weight or lose weight for show

• GPP #5 covers proper feed processing protocols

Shelter – Animal’s Environment

• Needed to provide animals escape from harsh environments

• Animals at different ages require different amounts of space

• Animals at different stages of production require different amounts of space

• Provide sufficient space for animal based on animal’s weight at end of project or to a mature weight

Sanitation

• Provide clean bedding

• Remove waste in timely manner– Prevents spread of disease

– Reduces fly problems and odors

• Clean and disinfect facilities before new animals arrive

1/22/2018

Pens, Floors, Alleyways

• Sharp or protruding objects may cause skin lesions

• Broken slats or uneven flooring may cause lameness or leg injuries

• Floors should be rough enough to minimize slips and falls, but not so much as to injure pad or sole of hoof

• Need non-slip flooring where animals are handled

• Animals must have enough space to– Spread wings comfortably within coop or pen

– Move around and get away from each other if needed

• Refer to species Resource Handbooks for space requirements

• Refer to Ohio Livestock Care Standards

Body Space

• Helps verify that other aspects of well-being program have positive effects on animals

• Production Performance– Indicator of animal’s well-being

– May be compromised if animal’s well-being is compromised

– Production performance measures to track include• Average Daily Gain

• Feed Efficiency

• Mortality Rates

Animal Evaluation

• Use best animal handling and movement practices for the good well-being of animal and safety of handler

• Improperly handled animals become distressed which can lead to– Physical injury to animal– Physical injury to handler– Increase in incidence of non-ambulatory animals– Increase in time to load and unload animals– Reduced growth rates and performance– Significantly contributing to carcass shrink, trim loss and

poor meat quality

Safe Animal Handling

• Not using or incorrect use of following/herding concepts can cause injury to animal if trying to escape

• Visual gaps between pens, alleys, ramps, gates, chutes, etc. can be seen as escape route for animal and can result in injuries

• Not using or incorrect use puts handler and other people at risk for injury

Following/Herding InstinctOHIO STATE UNIVERSITY EXTENSION

Utilize Tools for Continuous Improvement

go.osu.edu/AQCA

1/22/2018

• Foundation of Youth Quality Assurance program

• All new animal caretakers must be trained in their duties, whether caring for one or 100+ animals

• Conduct site assessments on a regular basis to benchmark animal care practices and measure well-being

• Three core areas to evaluate when measuring and benchmarking:

• Records

• Facilities

• Animal observations

Training Animal Caretakers

• All caretakers, regardless of age, should be engaged in training and education

• Training programs vital to understand and implement the Good Production Practices (GPPs) for promoting food safety while improving animal production efficiency

• Essential for caretakers’ safety and assuring humane care of animals that will not jeopardize the safety of the food product

washington county 4-h quality assurance study … › sites › washington › files › imce...has...

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