warm up

Warm UPCan you solve this puzzle?

There was nothing Leon, the driver, could do about the impending crash of the car he was driving. Leon knew the car would be completely demolished in the crash.

After the crash Leon didn’t have a scratch on him. How can that be?

What is forensic science? Application of science to law Applies knowledge and technology

of science to the definition and enforcement of laws

Enforced by police agencies in the criminal justice system

Diversity of professions within the forensic science

Criminalistics Engineering

Science General Jurisprudence Odontology Pathology/Biology

Physical Anthropology

Psychiatry and behavioral science

Questioned Documents

Toxicology

Also divisions such as Fingerprint examination Firearm and tool mark examination Computer and digital data analysis Photography

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History and Development of Forensic Science

Earliest Record 3rd century China Yi Yu Ji “A collection of criminal cases” Woman murdered her husband and burned the

body and claimed accidental fire Coroner noticed no ashes in mouth of

deceased and performed experiment on pigs Chinese were first to recognize the potential of

fingerprints as means of identification

Limited knowledege of anatomy and pathology hindered the growth of forensics until the late 17th century and early

18th century

Initial Scientific advances 1798 “A treatise on Forensic

medicine and Public Health” Written by french physician Francois-

Emanual Fodere

Initial scientific advances 1775 Sweedish Chemist Carl William

Scheele developed first successful test in detecting arsenic poisoning in corpses

1806 German chemist Valatin Ross developed more precise method of detection in stomach lining of victims

Father of Forensic Toxicology Spaniard MATHIEU ORFILA

1814 published the first scientific treatise on the detection of poisons and their effects on animals

Forensic toxicology was born

Advances through the mid 1800’s

1828 William Nichol- invented the polarizing microscope

1839 Henry-Louis Bayard-first procedures for microdetection of hemoglobin/blood

Advances through the mid 1800’s

1863 First presumptive test for blood TOXICOLOGY EVIDENCE FIRST USED IN

TRIAL IN 1839 Scottish chemist named James Marsh

testified presence of arsenic in victim 1850’s-60’s Photography became an

integral part of recording crime scenes

Late Nineteenth Century Progress

1879 French scientist Alphonse Bertillon responsible for advancements in anthropology and morphology (study of structure of living organisms)

Bertillon’s System“Anthropometry”

systematic procedure involved taking body measurements as means of identifying one individual from another

Father of Criminal Identification

Bertillon’s Method

Used for over two decades as a source of identification

Replaced by fingerprinting in the early 1900’s

Francis Henry Galton Father of Fingerprinting First definitive study of fingerprinting

and methodology for classifying and filing

1892 published book “ Finger Prints” First statistical proof supporting

uniqueness of method of identification

Hans Gross 1893 Public processor and judge in

Graz, Austria published “Criminal Investigation” This book detailed the assistance that

investigators could expect from fields of microscopy, chemistry, physics, mineralogy, zoology, botany, anthropometry, and fingerprinting

Hans Gross Introduced the first forensic

journal A journal compiles improved methods

of science in a field This journal is still published and

updated to this date

Make Believe helped this field grow!

Sherlock Holmes was a fictional character created by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle

Tales where about Dr. John Watson who was Sherlock Holmes partner and biographer and together they solved criminal mysteries

Make Believe helped this field grow!

This series encompassed fields like: Serology- study of blood and bodily

fluid Fingerprinting Firearms identification Questioned Document examination

Twentieth century Breakthroughs

1901 Dr. Karl Landsteiner discovered blood types (A, B, AB, O)

1915 Dr. Leone Lattes devised a simple test for determining blood types from dried blood

Albert S. Osborn 1910 Developed fundamental

principles of document examination

“Questioned Documents”

Edmond Locard 1910 persuaded Lyon’s police

department to give him 2 attic rooms and 2 assistants to start a police laboratory

Only equipment was a microscope and spectrometer

Edmond Locard His enthusiasm overcame his technical

and monetary deficiencies His research and accomplishments

became known though the world Became founder and director of Institute

of Criminalistics at the University of Lyons

International center for study and research in forensic science

Locard’s Exchange Principle When two objects come into

contact with each other a cross transfer of material occurs

Locard He strongly believed that every

criminal can be linked to a crime by dust particles carried from the crime scene

Reinforced by a series of successful well publicized cases

Other notable scientists Dr. Walter McCrone- world’s

preeminent microscopist Army Colonel Calvin Goddard-

refined techniques of firearm examination by using a comparison microscope

Modern Scientific Advances Computer Technology Chromatography Spectrophotometry Electrophoresis DNA typing

Sir Alec Jeffreys Developed first DNA profiling test

in 1984 Has revolutionized the practice of

fornsic science

Computers Have revolutionized data bases

cutting down on the time required to find matches and analyze data

What should I know at this point?

Definition of forensic science Who developed anthrpometry and what

it is Scientists what they contributed=

Bertillon, Galton, Lattes, Goddard, Orfila, Jeffrey, Osborn, and Locard

Locard’s exchange principle

Lab Reports Title Objective Materials Procedure Observations Data table/graphs Sample calc conclusions

conversions Volume

16 oz = 1pt 2 pints = 1 quart 4 quarts = 1 gal

Speed Miles to hours