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Warm UP. Can you solve this puzzle? There was nothing Leon, the driver, could do about the impending crash of the car he was driving. Leon knew the car would be completely demolished in the crash. After the crash Leon didn ’ t have a scratch on him. How can that be?. What is forensic science?. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Warm UPCan you solve this puzzle?
There was nothing Leon, the driver, could do about the impending crash of the car he was driving. Leon knew the car would be completely demolished in the crash.
After the crash Leon didn’t have a scratch on him. How can that be?
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What is forensic science? Application of science to law Applies knowledge and technology
of science to the definition and enforcement of laws
Enforced by police agencies in the criminal justice system
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Diversity of professions within the forensic science
Criminalistics Engineering
Science General Jurisprudence Odontology Pathology/Biology
Physical Anthropology
Psychiatry and behavioral science
Questioned Documents
Toxicology
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Also divisions such as Fingerprint examination Firearm and tool mark examination Computer and digital data analysis Photography
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History and Development of Forensic Science
Earliest Record 3rd century China Yi Yu Ji “A collection of criminal cases” Woman murdered her husband and burned the
body and claimed accidental fire Coroner noticed no ashes in mouth of
deceased and performed experiment on pigs Chinese were first to recognize the potential of
fingerprints as means of identification
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Limited knowledege of anatomy and pathology hindered the growth of forensics until the late 17th century and early
18th century
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Initial Scientific advances 1798 “A treatise on Forensic
medicine and Public Health” Written by french physician Francois-
Emanual Fodere
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Initial scientific advances 1775 Sweedish Chemist Carl William
Scheele developed first successful test in detecting arsenic poisoning in corpses
1806 German chemist Valatin Ross developed more precise method of detection in stomach lining of victims
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Father of Forensic Toxicology Spaniard MATHIEU ORFILA
1814 published the first scientific treatise on the detection of poisons and their effects on animals
Forensic toxicology was born
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Advances through the mid 1800’s
1828 William Nichol- invented the polarizing microscope
1839 Henry-Louis Bayard-first procedures for microdetection of hemoglobin/blood
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Advances through the mid 1800’s
1863 First presumptive test for blood TOXICOLOGY EVIDENCE FIRST USED IN
TRIAL IN 1839 Scottish chemist named James Marsh
testified presence of arsenic in victim 1850’s-60’s Photography became an
integral part of recording crime scenes
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Late Nineteenth Century Progress
1879 French scientist Alphonse Bertillon responsible for advancements in anthropology and morphology (study of structure of living organisms)
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Bertillon’s System“Anthropometry”
systematic procedure involved taking body measurements as means of identifying one individual from another
Father of Criminal Identification
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Bertillon’s Method
Used for over two decades as a source of identification
Replaced by fingerprinting in the early 1900’s
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Francis Henry Galton Father of Fingerprinting First definitive study of fingerprinting
and methodology for classifying and filing
1892 published book “ Finger Prints” First statistical proof supporting
uniqueness of method of identification
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Hans Gross 1893 Public processor and judge in
Graz, Austria published “Criminal Investigation” This book detailed the assistance that
investigators could expect from fields of microscopy, chemistry, physics, mineralogy, zoology, botany, anthropometry, and fingerprinting
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Hans Gross Introduced the first forensic
journal A journal compiles improved methods
of science in a field This journal is still published and
updated to this date
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Make Believe helped this field grow!
Sherlock Holmes was a fictional character created by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
Tales where about Dr. John Watson who was Sherlock Holmes partner and biographer and together they solved criminal mysteries
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Make Believe helped this field grow!
This series encompassed fields like: Serology- study of blood and bodily
fluid Fingerprinting Firearms identification Questioned Document examination
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Twentieth century Breakthroughs
1901 Dr. Karl Landsteiner discovered blood types (A, B, AB, O)
1915 Dr. Leone Lattes devised a simple test for determining blood types from dried blood
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Albert S. Osborn 1910 Developed fundamental
principles of document examination
“Questioned Documents”
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Edmond Locard 1910 persuaded Lyon’s police
department to give him 2 attic rooms and 2 assistants to start a police laboratory
Only equipment was a microscope and spectrometer
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Edmond Locard His enthusiasm overcame his technical
and monetary deficiencies His research and accomplishments
became known though the world Became founder and director of Institute
of Criminalistics at the University of Lyons
International center for study and research in forensic science
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Locard’s Exchange Principle When two objects come into
contact with each other a cross transfer of material occurs
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Locard He strongly believed that every
criminal can be linked to a crime by dust particles carried from the crime scene
Reinforced by a series of successful well publicized cases
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Other notable scientists Dr. Walter McCrone- world’s
preeminent microscopist Army Colonel Calvin Goddard-
refined techniques of firearm examination by using a comparison microscope
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Modern Scientific Advances Computer Technology Chromatography Spectrophotometry Electrophoresis DNA typing
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Sir Alec Jeffreys Developed first DNA profiling test
in 1984 Has revolutionized the practice of
fornsic science
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Computers Have revolutionized data bases
cutting down on the time required to find matches and analyze data
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What should I know at this point?
Definition of forensic science Who developed anthrpometry and what
it is Scientists what they contributed=
Bertillon, Galton, Lattes, Goddard, Orfila, Jeffrey, Osborn, and Locard
Locard’s exchange principle
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Lab Reports Title Objective Materials Procedure Observations Data table/graphs Sample calc conclusions
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conversions Volume
16 oz = 1pt 2 pints = 1 quart 4 quarts = 1 gal
Speed Miles to hours