w ascon 2006 · 2008. 6. 9. · eu -landfill directive landfill directive (1999) + decision on...
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WASCON 2006
Rein Eikelboom
Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment
Netherlands
ChallengesEnvironmental evaluation and
use of recycling materials.
Belgrade31 May-2June
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Headlines
1. Introduction
2. Context of recycling
3. Parallel European developments; examples- policy / regulatory- operational
4. Tools
5. Conclusions
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My Background
Involved in:
EU• Landfill Directive• Construction products Directive
• Water framework Directive/Groundwater Daughter directive• CEN292-Waste characterisation
• CEN351-CPD-Dangerous Substances• Project HORIZONTAL (Harmonisation test methods
National:• Soil and water protection policy / Building Materials Decree /Landfill• Waste recycling• Risk assessment and test development/Standardisation
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Introduction -1-
• … - 1991; Pioneers structured improving recycling mineralmaterials
• Some institutes
• Some product sectors• Some countries
• 1991 First WASCON; international exchange expertise onrecycling; focus on mineral materials
- technical aspects on production recycling products- methods for environmental risk evaluation
• WASCON / ISCOWA: Forum for of further structured approachand cooperation;
- scientific basis for recycling and environmental evaluation
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Introduction -2-
• 2006:• Recycling generally accepted as possible and necessary.• For many organisations, industries, authorities recycling is
or becomes part of daily practice• Legislation is increasingly taking recycling into account• Risk assessment based on leaching properties• EU starts new discussion on waste management, including
more focus on supporting recycling
• Future:• Improvement techniques recycling; new products• Quality and harmonisation of risk assessment
• Harmonisation test methods• Horizontal standardisation and regulations
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Acceptation of reuse based on:
After pioneering phase:
Factors to increasing success in recycling were:• Awareness of responsibility in handling materials;
taking waste phase and reuse into account
• Increasing support for Sustainable development• Availability of techniques;
• Problems of crowded area as example for others
• Availability of technical instructions, leading to adequateproducts with secondary materials
• Availability of adequate, reliable risk assessment procedures• National guidelines or regulation with environmental criteria
and limit values
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“Waste or product”
Conclusions 2.:
- Success of reuse: Now competition in reuse; new recycling markets should be opened;
���� need for new, ‘higher level’ recycling products: ����“product development”
E.g. Netherlands:
2006: 60 million tons of waste per year
90% reuse and energy production< 5 million tons landfilled per year;
Conclusions 1.:
- Success of reuse scenario’s: lead to discussions on how adequately manage
and control reuse. ���� “when does waste changes into ‘normal’ material?”“do we need different rules for new products or recycling?
* Focus increasing changes: from disposal to (permanent) reuse!!
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What is going on? where?
Stakeholders are e.g.:• Industry• Institutes/ Research• Local and regional authorities• National authorities• EU (together with EU-Member States)• etc:.
This presentation focuses on:EU-level + links with other levels
But parallels are everywhere!!
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EU- Landfill Directive
Landfill Directive (1999) +Decision on Annex II; Acceptation values (2003)
- Acceptation values hazardous, non-hazardous, inert wasteBased on leaching and transport modelling.
- Levels of testing: 1 Characterisation,2 Compliance,
3 Acceptance.
- EU-Mandate to CEN on development test standards.
- Standards for: -granular waste: available-monolithic waste: under development.
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CEN/TC 292 Waste Characterisation
Scope:- Standardisation test methods on
Sampling, Analysis, Leaching
Starting point:Landfill Directive, (Acceptance values Annex II)
(EU-mandated 2002)* Granular waste* Monolithic waste
New fields (e.g.):- Mining waste started 2005- recycling waste; waste as construction material, etc:
further development in cooperation with CPD and others- ?? Leaching organic substances
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EU- Waste management directive
Art. 3-4: Essential points:- prevention; lowering harm properties of waste- recycling as much as possible- recycling in a safe way for environment and health- Case by case permits- General lists with criteria may be used
Future:Many questions on the subject of ‘waste or product’, etc, ����
EU-Commission started preparations on‘a thematic strategy on waste’
Points of attentions are e.g.: waste as a product for reuse;minimum criteria on quality,more attention to total life cycle,
���� WASCON subjects are relevant on this,whatever choices will be made
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EU- Construction products directive (CPD)
CPD (1989)± 40 product mandates>700 CEN-harmonised product standards (2002- …..) +
Mandate on Dangerous substances to CEN (2005)
Mandate Dangerous Substances:
Goal:Uniform test methods for essential product propertiesUniform conformity procedures for producers ���� CE-markUniform presentation information on essential properties
Users / Authorities:May set different limit values
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CEN/TC351 Dangerous substances (DS)
Scope:- Horizontal TC covering all Construction TC’s (on subjects related to DS)- Select test methods (amend and harmonise if necessary)
concerning: release to soil and water and indoor aircontent for banned substances or for practical reasons
Provide tools to easy implement in construction Product standards
Planning:-Start April 2006.-Technical state of the art documents + strategy, etc 1 year-Standardisation, validation, agreement in CEN
-Implementing in Product standard by product TC’s
- Formal acceptance by EU
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Project Horizontal
Scope:- Proposed EU directives on Soil quality monitoring, use of sludge and
compost- All parameters to be measured in one or more of these fields- Collecting information on methods inside and outside these fields- Selecting harmonised testmethods for those three fields- Mainly on content; however leaching was taken on initially.
Planning:Started 2003Desk studies ready.Further investigations.Validation
Resulting ’Draft standards’: To be finalised and formalised byrelevant CEN/TCs
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Water Framework Directive (2000)(Draft) Groundwater Daughter Directive (2007(?))
-Guidance on Inputs- (2007)
Scope:Protection surface water and groundwater
Local, regional and national authorities responsible;permits and/or general rules
Leaching from all types of solid materials included
GWDD: Drafting Guidance document on Inputs:Concerns all types of activities that lead to immission
Statement: Transparent water protection policy needs uniform methods(Start with: what do different sources have in common?)
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Soil strategy
Scope:- More Attention and care for soil quality
Policy Instrument:Soil Strategy document or Soil protection Directive ??
to be discussed further
Soil protection against inputs from leaching or discharges:Different (?) limit values, but same tools as for groundwater
protection, such as:leaching methods, transport modelling, management of
sources, databases, etc.
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Existing policy framework
INDUSTRY
POLICY80/68/EEC
(groundwater)
POLICY2000/60/EC (Water Framework Directive)
AGRI-CULTURE
URBANSECTOR
POLICY98/83/EC (DWD)
RESEARCH
RESEARCH
CENCEN TC 292CEN
CEN TC 230
DRINKINGWATER
POLICY76/160/EEC
(BWD)
POLICY79/409/EEC (birds)92/43/EEC (habitat)
POLICY96/82/EC (seveso)96/61/EC (IPPC)
POLICY86/278/EEC (sludge)
99/31/EC (landfill)
POLICY91/414/EEC (pesticides)
91/276/EEC (nitrates)98/8/EC (biocides)
RESEARCH
POLICY91/271/EEC (UWW)89/106/EEC (CPD)
POLICY85/337/EEC (impact assessment)
PROTECTEDAREAS
CENCEN TC 308
& 345
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EU REGULATIONS RELATED TO LEACHING
Water Framework DirectiveGroundwater Directive
Drinking water Directive
Soil Strategy
Sludge Directive
Substances Directive(s)
Reach
Biocides Directive
Pesticides Directive
Air (-> air pollution control residues)
Waste Management Directive
Landfill Directive
Mining waste Directive
Construction Products Directive
Radio nuclides
Leachingin general
??
?
Indoor air
CPD+ leaching
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Uniform policy EU ???
Interest: - Legislation- Adequate risk assessments- Pubic costs (incl. Competitiveness industry)- Transparency environmental policy
���� need for harmonised methods
Awareness:- Legislative sectors, research sectors and
standardisation sectors still too less integrated
Need:- Show options and advantages of adequate and
well harmonised approaches- Find challenges for understanding and acceptance
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Tools for evaluation
Risk assessment:Determination leaching mechanismsDetermine scenario of ‘product use’Model leaching and transport in soil and water
Legislation:Determine relevant criteria and limit values
Industry:1. Characterisation: Initial type testing,
(product development, and meeting limit values)2. Simple routine testing procedures
(compliance with characterisation.)User: 3. Very simple and administrative acceptance testing
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Scientific basis for quality assessment
- Determination intrinsic product characteristics / relevant mechanisms
- Determination scenario of use, disposal, reuse next life time, etc.
- Modelling short/long term behaviour in relevant scenario(s)
- Modelling transport substances in soil and (ground)water
- Determination options for product improvement andfor development new products
- Determination Efficient options for routine production testing
- Realisation Database(s); Open database for general access
LEACHING and PHYSICALPROPERTIES PROPERTIES
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Landfill directive, Annex IIScenario risk assessment approach
Landfill
Wastedeliveries
Acceptance criteriaincluding acceptance
limit values
Target =Point of compliance
(POC)
Level of ‘environmentalprotection’
at POCP
ath
Path
Groundwater table
Groundwater flow
Soil surface Source term
Source
POC-G
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ROLE OF CHARACTERISATION LEACHING TESTS
Judgement of the application of materials
Quality control of productsEfficient measurementsPrecision measurement data
Product improvementProduct modificationMeasurement for verification
Limit valuesRelation lab-practice (Scenarios)
Modelling
Characterisation leaching tests(identification of mechanisms and
processes)
Accessibility of data:data base
+ expert system
Developmentof criteria forregulation
Regulation
Environmentally
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ROLE OF CHARACTERISATION PHYSICAL TESTS
Judgement of the application of materials
Quality control of products Product improvement
Limit valuesRelation lab-practice (Scenarios)
Modelling
Product modificationMeasurement for verification
Efficient measurementsPrecision measurement data
Characterisation physical tests(identification of mechanisms and
processes)
Accessibility of data:data base
(+ expert system ?)
Developmentof criteria forregulation
Regulation
Physically
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Level 1.Basic Characterisation:1. Information on the waste2. Understanding behaviour and options for treatment3. Assessing against limit values4. Detection key variables for compliance testing
(Basic characterisation must include any test to beused at compliance level. A simple compliance testcannot alone constitute basic characterisation testing)
Level 3.Acceptance testing:1. Visual inspection and inspection of
the documentation.2. MS may subscribe short tests.
Use of Availabledata:1. From comparable
waste production ofthe same organisation
2. From an (external)database Environmental criteria
(including limit values) inlegislation or individualassessments:
Criteria to provide the neededlevel of environmental protection.
Level 2.Compliance testing:(Testing may be on critical/keyparameters only, as determined byBasic Characterisation)
Periodic check if the waste complieswith the basic characterisation and therelevant acceptance criteria.
LEVELS OF TESTING
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Conclusions: - Quality development -
- Recycling is getting normal
- ‘Getting normal = based on trust
Trust on: - physical quality
-environmental quality- fit for sustainable use
- Product development necessary for a broad market
(‘More than embankments and road base’.)- High quality products needed
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Conclusions: - Increasing Overlaps -
Many overlaps urge to ‘horizontal approaches(Same needs for information on product quality
and environmental risks)
- Overlap : Legislation on: - different products (physical/environmental)
- different environmental sectors(concerning soil, water.dangerous substances
- Overlap: Primary and secondary - raw materials
- products
- Overlap: Product phases: - use
- waste (demolition, treatment)
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Conclusions: - WASCON future topics -1* Urgent need for Up to date, adequate methods
Use available knowledge for providing such tools
Use legal/policy needs in different sectors and countries
Use actual European developments; but cooperate with all interested countries
2* Many different groups searching for the same tools;Explain available horizontally usable options
3* Industry wants simplified tools for daily control;Develop practical examples for characterisation and compliance testing
Develop open databases for facilitating characterisation
and product development
4* Translate information into practical terms;Elaborate practical general guidelines
Make information available for education on different levels
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