vittoria international school, torino chemistry course biological molecules and food the chemistry...
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Vittoria International School, Torino
Chemistry course Biological molecules and foodThe chemistry of macromolecules
Professor
Elena V. Tibaldi
carbohydrates
lipids
vitamins
proteins
When we buy food we find a table called “nutrition facts”
what are those names listed?
Carbohydrates are the most important molecules for energy production
Plants are able to produce glucose through photosynthesis
CO2 + H2O + solar energy Glucose + O2
Animals need to eat food to get glucose for
the cells
Muscle cells are plenty of mitochondria they need a lot of energy!
Glucose + O2 CO2 + H2O + ATP
Energy is produced in the cells through a process called
cell respiration
Carbohydrates and energy production
Carbohydrates
monosaccharides
glucose
fructose
galactose
polisaccharides
cellulosestarch
glycogen
disaccharides
maltose
lactose
sucrose
High levels of glucose in blood danger
www.nlm.nih.gov/.../ency/fullsize/18029.jpg
Glucose test
www.nlm.nih.gov/.../ency/fullsize/19825.jpg
Eccess glucose in bloodstream diabetes
Lipids
functions
energy storage
hormone precursor
structural
impermeabilization
thermal insulation
vitamine precursor
mechanicalprotection
types
triglycerides
cholesterol
waxes
phospholipids
steroids
• long chains of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen• insoluble in water
Triglycerides
• made of glycerol and three fatty acids• insoluble in water• energy storage and impermeabilization
• oil if liquid at RT (ie olive oil) and fat is solid at RT (ie butter)
myoptumhealth.com
Phospholipids
• Produced in liver
• Main constituent of cell membrane lipid bilayer
• Formed by a hydrophilic head (glycerol and phosphate group) and two hydrophobic tails (fatty acids)
Waxes1) Insoluble in water protection and impermeabilization
Bird feathers Upper surface of leaves
3) Bees use them to build the hive
2) Fruit impermeabilization (apples, pear, cherries)
Cholesterol
www.lowercholesterolldl.com
• in animal cell membrane• vitamin D precursor (bones and teeth)
• produced by liver
High cholesterol levels danger!
In liver: gallstone formation
medicalimages.allrefer.com
In blood: atherosclerotic plaques build up in artery walls
hubpages.com
Proteins
functions
immune defense
muscle contraction
structuraltransport
membrane receptor
enzymatic
regulatory
• Chain of aminoacids
• Found in eggs, meat, fish, milk and derivatives, vegetables and cereals
Vitamins
In vegetables, fruit, fish, meat, cereals
Many different types:• vit A (retinol)• vit B complex• vit C (ascorbic acid)• vit D (important for bones and teeth)• vit K (produced by bacterial flora)
phentermine.bz/tag/natural-vitamins
Breakfast is a very important meal
During breakfast we need to get at least 20% of daily values
Breakfast should be abondant, but easy to digest
Cereals, rusks, milk and coffee and fruits
should be preferable to
butter, croissants and cakes!
Have a good and healthy day!
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