vermont gap analysis report - netl draft
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Building Codes Assistance Project (BCA
BCAP is a non-profit advocacy organiza
Energy, the American Council for an En
BCAP focuses on providing state and loc
support on code adoption and imple
coordination with other activities and
state energy offices and city building d
BCAP is well-positioned to assist in lo
resource, BCAP is able to identify and
jurisdictions put the best possible strat
Our work brings together local efforts,
unbiased by corporate/material intere
network for energy codesand is inc
provide value across organizations.
ont Gap Analysis
)
tion established in 1994 as a joint initiative of th
ergy-Efficient Economy, and the Natural Resource
al governments in the U.S., as well as stakeholder
mentation through direct assistance, research,
allies. With over sixteen years of experience sup
epartments, along with tracking code activities a
cal and statewide activity to advance energy co
navigate past policy and programmatic pitfalls t
gy in place to improve efficiency in both new and
identifies national-scale issues, and provides a
sts. BCAP also hosts OCEANan online internati
reasingly working abroad to gather and share b
2
e Alliance to Save
s Defense Council.
rganizations, with
ata analysis, and
porting numerous
cross the country,
des. As a trusted
o help states and
existing buildings.
road perspective,
onal best practice
est practices that
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Table of Contents
Acronyms and Abbreviations ...................
Executive Summary ............................. .....
Introduction .............................................
State Overview .....................................
Construction Overview.....................
Energy Portfolio ...............................
Potential Savings from Energy Code
Adoption...................................................
Federal Policy .......................................
EPAct ................................................
The Recovery Act ............................ ..
State Policy ...........................................
Political Environment and Energy C
Recent Energy Codes-related Legisl
Other Vermont Building Codes ........
Energy Codes for State-funded Facil
Statewide Climate Change Initiative
Green Building Overview and Incen
Local Policy ...........................................
IBC ....................................................
Local Adoption Spotlight ..................
Energy Codes for Municipal-funded
Local Climate Change Initiatives ......
Overview of Local Green Building a
Renewables ....................................
Adoption Summary: Best Practices an
Current Best Practices .....................
Gaps and Recommendations ..........
Implementation .......................................
Overview of State and Local Impleme
Outreach ..............................................
ont Gap Analysis
...................................................................................
...................................................................................
...................................................................................
...................................................................................
...................................................................................
................................................... ................................
s.................................................................................
...................................................................................
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...................................................................................
...................................................................................
ode Adoption .............................................................
ation ...........................................................................
...................................................................................
lities ...........................................................................
s ................................................................................
tives ...........................................................................
...................................................................................
...................................................................................
...................................................................................
Facilities....................................................................
...................................................................................
d Above-Code Building Programs ............................
...................................................................................
d Recommendations..................................................
...................................................................................
...................................................................................
...................................................................................
tation Policies ..........................................................
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States Role in Promoting Codes ......
Local Governments Role in Promot
Stakeholders Role in Promoting Co
New Partnerships ............................
Enforcement Community .....................
Overview of Enforcement Infrastru
Certification and/or Licensing ..........
Training and CEUs ............................
Third Party Infrastructure ................
Design/Construction Community .........
Overview of Design/Construction C
Certification and Licensing ...............
Training and CEUs ............................
Compliance Measurement and Verific
Past and Current Activities ...............
Implementation Summary ...................
Current Best Practices .....................
Gaps and Recommendations ...........
Conclusion ............................................
Acknowledgements ............................ ..
Appendix A ...............................................
Reference .................................................
ont Gap Analysis
...................................................................................
ing Codes ...................................................................
des .............................................................................
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ture ...........................................................................
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ommunity Infrastructure ........................ ...................
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ation ..........................................................................
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Acronyms and Abbreviation
ABET Accreditation Board for Engineer
ARRA/Recovery Act American Recover
ASHRAE American Society of Heating,
BCAP Building Codes Assistance Projec
BPI Building Performance Institute
CBES Commercial Building Energy Stan
CEUs Continuing education units
CNWG Climate Neutral Working Grou
DOE Department of Energy
DPS Vermont Department of Public Se
ECAP Energy Code Ambassadors Progr
ECAC Efficiency Vermonts Energy CodEEBA Energy & Environmental Buildin
EECBG Energy Efficiency and Conserva
EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Ag
EVT Efficiency Vermont
GCCC Vermont Governors Commissio
GHG Greenhouse Gas
HBA Home Builders Association
HERS Home Energy Rating System
IBC International Building Code
ICC International Code Council
IECC International Energy Conservatio
IRC International Residential Code
LEED Leadership in Energy and Environ
MEC Model Energy Code
NAAB National Architectural Accrediti
NAHB National Association of Home B
NCARB National Council of Architectur
NCEES National Council of Examiners f
NEEP Northeast Energy Efficiency Part
OCEAN Online Code Environment and
PNNL Pacific Northwest National Labo
RBES Residential Building Energy Stan
RECA Responsible Energy Codes Allian
RESNET Residential Energy Services N
RGGI Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiati
SEO State Energy Office
SEP State Energy Program
ont Gap Analysis
s
ing and Technology, Inc.
y and Reinvestment Act of 2009
efrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers
t
dards
rvice
am
e Assistance CenterAlliance
tion Block Grants
ncy
on Climate Change
Code
mental Design
g Board
ilders
e Registration Boards
or Engineering and Surveying
nerships
Advocacy Network
ratory
ard
ce
twork
ve
5
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SPEED Sustainably Priced Energy Enter
TCI Transportation and Climate Initiati
USGBC U.S. Green Building Council
VBG Vermont Building Greener
VGBN Vermont Green Building Netwo
ont Gap Analysis
prise Development
e
k
6
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Executive Summary
The purpose of the Vermont Gap Anal
weaknesses of the states existing ener
recommend potential actions state age
100 percent compliance with the m
Introduction, Adoption, Implementatio
conclude by listing some of the state
actions that would improve energy code
The Introduction section provides an
construction boom and subsequent decl
The Adoption section takes a close look
the state. The Adoption section mak
recommendations. The core recommen
Recommendation #1: the stat
programs to lead the market
buildings. If the state mandate
LEED-based requirements for s
resources but also encourage th
Recommendation #2: DPS or
cooperatives to develop an ince
2011 RBES. Utilities can bec
compliance as these programs
effort. Additionally, the energy
changes to system wide deman
Recommendation #3: even
municipalities still have the opp
efficiency for city or county-fun
The Implementation section covers th
construction industries, utilities, and ot
groups also establish efficient, feasible,
work to adequately prepare code offici
section makes 19 recommendations, i
different stakeholder groups.
The Conclusion section provides a s
implementation in Vermont and con
recommendations made in the report
other DOE and Pacific Northwest Nation
ont Gap Analysis
ysis Report is twofold: 1) document and analyze
gy code adoption and implementation infrastructu
ncies, local jurisdictions, and other stakeholders c
odel energy codes. The report is organized in
, and Conclusion. The Adoption and Implementa
current best practices and making multiple rec
compliance.
overview of relevant state demographics and t
ine.
at the federal, state, and local polices that influen
s three major recommendations, in addition t
ations are listed below:
should provide additional support and promoti
forward on energy efficiency and high perfor
advanced building practices such as ENERGY ST
ate-funded buildings, it would not only preserve
ese advanced building practices by setting an exam
nother state department could work with utilitie
ntive program that supports components of the pe
me more involved with programs supporting
can be considered another demand-side manage
efficiency of new construction aids utilities in pred
.
ith the unique enforcement structure in Ver
ortunity to lead the state by requiring advanced e
ed buildings.
e many ways in which state and local agencie
her stakeholders work to promote the adopted en
and cost-effective enforcement and compliance i
als and building professionals to carry out their re
n addition to multiple related recommendations
ummary of the myriad benefits of energy co
cludes with Figure 12, a summary list of the
with page numbers for quick reference. Appendi
al Laboratory (PNNL) energy code resources.
7
the strengths and
re and policies; 2)
n take to achieve
to four sections:
ion sections both
mmendations for
he impact of the
e energy codes in
multiple related
on of
ance
R or
state
ple.
s and
nding
code
ment
icting
ont,
nergy
, the design and
ergy codes. These
frastructures and
sponsibilities. This
, for a variety of
de adoption and
most important
A offers a list of
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Introduction
Energy codes have arrived. As one of th
benefit society in a number of import
emissions and pollution, save consumer
system reliability, and improve indoor ai
Recent improvements in the stringency
first state-mandated green codescon
construction to levels that were almost
provided states and cities with unprece
more places are taking advantage of the
Their ascent is part of a larger transf
representatives, and the general public
comprehensive solution to our current
widely considered to be one of the low
one we do not burn. Nowhere is this mo
percent of total energy use and 70 perc
roughly 50 years, meaning that current
beyond.
Yet, for all this recent progress and pr
municipalities across the country, ener
completely absent. While developmen
process, they alone do not guarantee c
reduce energy use and save money, s
energy code implementation strategies.
In collaboration with the U.S. Departme
code compliance in 15 states, includ
infrastructure and practices and provi
technical support to energy code stakeh
Report, which identifies barriers to suc
improvement, available resources, and
ont Gap Analysis
e principal instruments in the energy efficiency pol
nt ways: they reduce energy use, which decreas
s and businesses money, lessen peak energy dema
r quality.
of the model energy codesnot to mention the d
tinue to raise the floor and ceiling for energy-ef
nimaginable a few short years ago. Meanwhile, th
dented funding and incentives to adopt the model
se opportunities than ever before.
ormation in the way advocates, policymakers, in
view energy efficiency as a viable and cost-effectiv
economic, environmental, and energy concerns. E
est-hanging fruits, since the cheapest and cleanest
re apparent than in the building sector, which acco
ent of electricity use.1 Moreover, the average lifes
uilding energy policies will affect energy consumpt
omise, energy codes are still falling well short of
y code enforcement and compliance remain woef
t and adoption are the necessary first steps of
ompliance. To ensure that energy codes accompli
tates and cities must develop and carry out effe
nt of Energy, BCAP has undertaken a new program
ing Vermont, by analyzing the gaps in the exi
ding compliance planning assistance together w
olders in the state. The first phase of the program
essful energy code adoption and implementation,
ey stakeholders and potential partnerships.
8
licy toolbox, codes
s greenhouse gas
nd, increase utility
evelopment of the
ficient design and
Recovery Act has
energy code, and
dustry and utility
e component of a
nergy efficiency is
fuel source is the
unts for almost 40
an of a building is
ion until 2060 and
their potential. In
ully insufficient or
the energy codes
h their mission to
ctive and realistic
to improve energy
ting energy code
ith on-the-ground
is the Gap Analysis
opportunities for
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State Overview
Other than being the largest producer
cream company Ben & Jerrys, and over
the smallest state in the New Englan
population epicenters being Burlingto
below. This Green Mountain State bord
Figure 1: State Population Map
Construction Overview
As Figure 2 illustrates below, constructi
permitted has fallen from over 2,800 in
ont Gap Analysis
of maple syrup in the United States, home to t
fifteen ski areas sprinkled throughout the state, th
d. In 2009, Vermont had a population of 621,7
metro area, Rutland, Barre, and Montpelier.2
ers Canada and is fully enclosed in climate zone 6.
on has dramatically fallen: the total annual reside
006 to under 1,200 in 2009.
9
e well-known ice
re is a lot more to
60, with its main
Please see figure
ntial housing units
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Figure 2: Permits by Year
Energy Portfolio
Total energy consumption in Vermont i
about 80 million Btu to meet the statelowest in the U.S.i, a more efficient ho
electricity rate is four cents above the n
sector is among the top two energy co
chief concern if Vermont wishes to curb
iDue in part because demand for air-condit
households use electricity for home heatin
fuel shortages and price spikes due to high
the 2009 IECC, which will create a more ef
wood for home heating.
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
2000 2001 2002
TotalResidentialHousingUnitsPermitted
VerU.
ont Gap Analysis
the lowest of any state in the nation, yet Vermon
demand.3
Though per capita residential electricitsing stock would save residents money on their
ational average at 15.27 cents per kWh.4 Addition
sumers in the state and, accordingly, efficient ho
the states energy consumption.
ioning is minimal during the mild summer months and
. It is during the cold winter months that residents are
emand for home heating. Thus, it is to the states benef
ficient housing stock and alleviate distillate oil demand
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Year
ont Permits by Year. Census Bureau data
10
t must still import
use is among thetility bills as their
lly, the residential
es ought to be a
nly a small share of
most vulnerable to
it that they adopted
and the burning of
2009
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The state reserves a fairly balanced r
nuclear, hydro, and renewable. Their pe
neighboring states and Canada. Most s
but since Vermont does not have any n
gasolineii to power generators.5 Nearl
energy source for home heating.
Vermont is one of only two states in t
Rhode Island. The Vermont Yankee nucl
three-fourths of total electricity, which i
Most of Vermonts remaining genera
projects and other renewable sources. I
25% of the states energy through rene
large portion of the state and offer signi
northeast offer rich biomass resources f
Potential Savings from Energy Code
According to BCAP estimates, by adop
energy costs for households and busines
100% code compliance.7 The shift to th
to approximately 200,000 metric tons of
The following table represents a percen
most up to date ASHRAE 90.1 building
any mid-rise commercial building, rep
commercial warehouses. With 100 perc
2.8 percent savings in commercial energ
Construction Type Cit
Non Residential Bu
Residential Bu
Semi Heated Bu
Source: Impacts of Standard 90.1-2007 fo
iiConventional Gasoline: finished motor gas
This category excludes reformulated gasolin
Source: Petroleum Supply Monthly, March 2
ont Gap Analysis
source base for their energy needs: petroleum,
troleum and natural gas demand is very low and re
ates require the use of special fuel blends in non
n-attainment areas, residents are allowed to use c
three-fifths of Vermont households use fuel oil
e nation without any coal-fired power plants, the
ar plant located in southwestern corner of the stat
s a high percentage and more than many other stat
ion is produced from numerous small-scale hy
n March 2008, the state adopted a renewable ener
able sources by 2025.6 Fortunately, the Green M
ficant untapped wind power potential, while the d
or wood-fired home heating and electric generatio
s
ing the 2009 IECC, Vermont will save an estimat
es from 2011-2030, or $43 million annually in ener
2009 IECC, it will help Vermont avoid primary ene
CO2 by 2030.8
age of potential energy savings that can be achiev
energy standard (90.1-2007). In the table below,
resents high rise residential buildings and Semi-
ent compliance of Standard 90.1-2007, Vermont w
y costs.
y Energy Savings C
rlington 4.0%
rlington 0.3%
rlington 0.3%
Commercial Buildings at State Level, U.S. Department o
oline not included in the oxygenated or reformulated ga
e blend-stock for oxygenate blending (RBOB) as well as o
005 (Revised May 2010).
11
natural gas, coal,
ceives supply from
attainment areas,
onventional motor
l as their primary
other state being
e generates about
es.
droelectric power
gy goal to produce
untains envelop a
ense forests of the
.
d $371 million in
gy costs, based on
rgy use in addition
d by adopting the
Non Residential is
eated represents
ould attain up to a
st Savings
2.8%
0.0%
0.2%
f Energy
soline categories.
ther blend-stock.
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Adoption
Federal Policy
Although energy code adoption occur
Congress and the U.S. Department of
development, determining the relative
and local-level adoption and implement
EPAct
The Energy Policy Act (EPAct) of 1992 r
codes would improve energy efficiency
DOE make a new determination withinstate would then have 2 years to cert
requirements of the latest iteration of
energy code by submitting a statemen
Energy Policy Act of 2005 specified that
the 2003 IECC and ASHRAE Standard 90.
At the end of 2008, the DOE publishe
buildings, ruling that energy savings a
national source energy and 11.9 perc
Standard 90.1-2007, the most recent n
and small commercial, the most rece
reviewing the 2003, 2006, and 2009 v
2000 IECC and their commercial code bwith EPAct, but is in the process of upda
The Recovery Act
In February of 2009, the U.S. Congre
(Recovery Act), which had three imme
activity and invest in long-term growth,
in government spending.11
To help achi
through the State Energy Program (SEP)
adopt the 2009 International Energy Co
the ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2007 or eq
compliance with the codes by 2017.12 A
ont Gap Analysis
on the state and local levels, the federal gove
Energy (DOE) plays a significant role in adva
effectiveness of national model energy codes, and
tion.
equired DOE to determine whether the most curr
for residential and commercial buildings. It also
twelve months for every subsequent revision ofify that it had revised its own energy code to m
the national models. A state could decline to a
to the Secretary of the DOE detailing its reasons
the most current model energy codes were the 2
1-2004.9
its determination for ASHRAE Standard 90.1-20
bove the previous Standard 90.1-1999 would be
ent for building energy consumption. DOE is c
ational model energy code for commercial buildin
t DOE determination was for the 2000 IECC. A
rsions of the code. With the current residential c
ased on ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2004, Vermont isting both codes.10
ss passed the American Recovery and Reinvest
diate goals: create new jobs and save existing on
and foster unprecedented levels of accountability
ve these goals, the Recovery Act provided states
and the Energy Efficiency and Conservation Block
nservation Code (IECC) or equivalent for residentia
ivalent for commercial construction, as well as a
a stipulation for receiving SEP funds, Governor Ja
12
nment through
cing energy code
supporting state-
ent model energy
andated that the
these codes. Eacheet or exceed the
dopt a residential
for doing so. The
04 supplement to
4 for commercial
13.9 percent for
rrently reviewing
gs. For residential
t present, DOE is
ode based on the
not in compliance
ent Act of 2009
es, spur economic
and transparency
ith stimulus funds
Grants (EECBG) to
l construction and
chieve 90 percent
es Douglas wrote
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Ver
a letteriii
to DOE assuring that state offi
actions to achieve these goals. Based
assurance and the State Energy Pla
Vermonts Department of Public Servi
$21,999,000 of SEP funds to Verm
efficiency and renewable energy prog
approved the Department of Public
program plan and awarded them an $11
grant, a portion of which the state w
related programs.14
State Policy
In the United States, building energy c
on the state and local levels. This is d
diverse range of cultures and climates
fifty states, as well as a host of h
influences that shaped federal-state
relations. The process differs from stat
most cases codes are adopted thro
process, a regulatory process, or a com
although a handful of states are strong
permit local jurisdictions to adopt ene
state is unique in how it conducts busi
policy and each state requires its own p
for achieving the best possible co
governments, citizens, and businesses.
Political Environment and Energy C
Vermont institutes a regulatory proces
Energy Standard (RBES) and the Comm
State Administrative Procedures Activ,
comments.
The Department of Public Service (DPS)
Commissioner of Public Service on the i
iiiA scanned version of Governor Douglass le
http://www.energy.gov/media/Douglas_Veiv
State Administrative Procedures Act : 3 V.S
http://www.leg.state.vt.us/statutes/section
ont Gap Analysis
Whats required by th
Depending on your location (
there are requirements for in
walls, and sometimes, floors,
basement walls, and slab ed
Less insulation is allowed for
more is required for steel fra
Also dependant on climate z
requirements for windows, s
doors
The building shell, also know
envelope, must be caulked a
air movement
Duct insulation
Pipe insulation
Duct sealing to reduce air lea
Heating, ventilation, air cond
and water heating equipmen
control requirements for co
buildings
Some residential lighting req
All commercial lighting
Heated swimming pool cover
The energy code applies to al
and commercial buildings, as
additions/alterations/renova
buildings
Compliance paths include pr
building envelope UA (tradeo
simulated performance
cials would begin
n the governors
n submitted by
e, DOE awarded
ont for energy
rams.13 DOE also
Services EECBG
,274,001 formula
ill use for code-
des are adopted
e, in part, to the
found across the
istorical political
and state-local
e to state, but in
gh a legislative
bination of both,
ly home rule and
rgy codes. Every
ness and creates
articular strategy
e for its local
ode Adoption
for changes to their energy codes, namely the R
rcial Building Energy Standards (CBES). This proce
which includes public notification, public hearin
is required to provide technical assistance and ex
nterpretation of the RBES and in formulating speci
tter can be found here:
mont.pdf
.A. Chapter 25, 836
s.cfm?Title=03&Chapter=025
13
e IECC?
climate zone)
sulating ceilings,
foundations,
e
mass walls, and
ming
ne, there are
kylights, and
as the building
d sealed to limit
kage
itioning (HVAC)
t efficiencies and
mercial
irements
s and controls
l new residential
well as
tions to existing
scriptive, total
ff method), and
esidential Building
ss is set out in the
g, testimony, and
pert advice to the
ic revisions to the
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Ver
RBES.15
Technical assistance and advic
the RBES, when the DPS convenes an
commissioner.16 The same process is tru
ensure that appropriate revisions are m
construction under the IECC or ASHRAE
energy savings.17 Before final adoptio
Service must create an advisory commi
for revision of the CBES.
Vermonts first residential energy cod
residential code was based on the 1995
January of 2005vii. In October of 2001
Guidelines for Energy Efficient Comm
Commercial Guidelines are currently un
a statewide basis. However, commerci
above grade must use the Commercial
2007. To demonstrate code compliance,
Energy-developed REScheckprogram, m
Within the last year, Vermont has had
code, ordered an update process to c
threshold of compliance over the next f
Recent Energy Codes-related Legisl
On May 27, 2009, the state legislature p
Commissioner of the DPS to adopt the
vThe RBES and CBES advisory committee mu
builders, building designers, utility represent
advocates and energy conservation experts.vi
The Council of American Building Officials
residential building energy codes adopted b
American Building Officials Model Energy C
requirements of ASHRAE 90.189 and to rev
In an effort to harmonize building codes acr
CABOs MEC was revised to become the first
energy code was published in 2000, which invii
Since January of 2005, the RBES was base
construction) and was mandatory statewideviii
The 2001 Commercial Guidelines incorporamendments.ix
Commercial Building Energy Standards (CBx
The Vermont Energy Act of 2009 (H.446), a
http://www.veic.org/Libraries/Resource_Lib
ont Gap Analysis
is gathered at least one year prior to adopting re
advisory committeev that later provides recom
e with respect to the CBES: the commissioner of
ade promptly after the issuance of updated standa
/ANSI/IESNA Standard 90.1, whichever provides th
of each required revision of the code, the Dep
ttee to provide the commissioner with additional
, the RBES, was adopted in 1997 and mandato
CABO/MECvi and later revised in 2003 with revisio
, Vermont published its first IECC-based code, t
ercial Constructionviii that was later updated in
er adoption as the single energy code for all comm
al buildings and residential buildings that are fo
uilding Energy Standards (CBES)ix, which became e
COMcheckand VTcheck, a custom version of the
ay be used.
flurry of legislation which updated their resident
orrelate with the publications of IECC standards,
w years.18
tion
assed the Vermont Energy Act of 2009x, known as
009 IECC and ASHRAE 90.1-2007 in addition to de
st have one or more representatives from the following
atives, and other persons with experience and expertise
(CABO)/Model Energy Code (MEC) was the precursor to
many states were the 1992, 1993, and 1995 versions o
de. The Energy Policy Act of 1992 required states to me
iew their existing energy codes to see how they compar
ss the United States, an International Code Council was
International Energy Conservation Code (IECC) and the
cluded requirements for both residential and commerci
on the 2000 IECC (with reference to ASHRAE 90.1-2004
for all new residential and commercial buildings.
ate ASHRAE /IESNA 90.1-1999 and a number of Vermon
ES) was enacted into state law in 2006 (21 V.S.A. 268).
s passed by the house and senate is available here:
rary_Documents/extractofact45_1.sflb.ashx
14
uired revisions to
endations to the
ublic service must
ds for commercial
e greatest level of
artment of Public
recommendations
ry statewide. This
ns taking effect in
he 2001 Vermont
2005. The 2005
ercial buildings on
r stories or more
ffective January 1,
.S. Department of
ial building energy
and mandated a
Act 45, directs the
veloping a plan to
: mortgage lenders,
, such as consumer
the IECC: the first
the Council of
et or achieve the
d to CABOs MEC.
formed. As a result,
irst IECC building
al buildings.
for commercial
-specific
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Ver
achieve 90% energy code compliance o
federal stimulus legislation, the Recover
Act 45 also charges the DPS with the re
for residential buildingsxi and either the
1, 2011, which will be effective immedi
the IECC and ASHRAE Standard 90.1, th
years, with the new codes be
By September 1, 2011, the Commission
following six years that includes statewi
measure the compliance rate by June 30
Other Vermont Building Codes
Under the Department of Public Safety
became effective as of June 15, 2009 a
The Commissioner of Public Safety an
administering the fire code through a ce
Rulesxv - based on the 2009 Internation
also enforced under the purview of the
electrical inspectors.20
Energy Codes for State-funded Facil
State-funded facilities are governed by
2007, large buildings were required t
xiThis applies to new construction and reno
xiiThe Department of Public Safety is Vermo
to promote the detection and prevention of
in cases of statewide or local disasters or em
into four divisions, the Vermont State Police
Safety.xiiiThe Fire & Building Safety Code 2006 is b
1) 2006 ed., International Building Code (IBC
of the code is available online at: http://wwxiv
An example of the site plan review checkli
http://www.dps.state.vt.us/fire/newforms/xv
The plumbing code became effective on D
connected to public water systems or publicwater or sewage systems.http://www.dps.sxvi
A copy of the 2008 Vermont Electrical Saf
http://www.dps.state.vt.us/fire/licensing/fi
pdf
ont Gap Analysis
new building space within eight years (which is al
y Act).
ponsibility to complete rulemaking on the adoptio
2009 IECC or ASHRAE 90.1-2007 for commercial b
tely upon final adoption. To incorporate the most
DPS must update the residential and commercial
oming effective within three months of
er of DPS must also issue a plan to achieve 90% co
e training and enforcement programs as well as a
, 2012.
xii, Vermont enforces the Fire & Building Safety C
nd applies to all public buildings throughout the s
d staff members of the Division of Fire Safety a
rtificate program and site plan reviewxiv. The 2009
l Plumbing Code - and the 2008 Vermont Electrical
Commissioner of Public Safety and designated staff
ities
the same code as all other construction. Before t
o comply with a commercial energy standard t
ations of more than 500 ft2.
nts largest law enforcement agency. The Departments s
crime, to participate in searches for lost and missing per
ergencies. In order to carry out this purpose the Depart
, Vermont Emergency Management, Criminal Justice Ser
sed on the Life Safety Code (NFPA 101) 2006 ed., Unifor
) 2006 ed., and the National Board Inspection Code (NBI
.dps.state.vt.us/fire/06firecodeADOPTEDjune15092.pd
st can be found online through the Department of Publi
hecklist.pdf
ecember 15, 2010 and is applicable to all public building
sewage systems, and to all other buildings or facilities ctate.vt.us/fire/licensing/Plumbing2009AdoptedRules.do
ty Rules :
alproposedrulesUNannotated9sept08[1].doc%20[Comp
15
so directed by the
n of the 2009 IECC
ildings by January
recent versions of
codes every three
final adoption.
mpliance over the
ystem to annually
de 2006xiii, which
ate of Vermont.19
re responsible for
ermont Plumbing
Safety Rulesxvi are
members, such as
he CBES passed in
at was based on
tatutory purpose is
sons, and to assist
ent is organized
ices, and Fire
m Fire Code (NFPA
C) 2004 ed. Full text
f
Safety:
s, whether or not
nnected to a publicc
atibility%20Mode].
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ASHRAE. If Vermont were to institute a
experience not only lower energy bills t
impact, and improve the air quality and
their commitment to energy-efficient c
code adoption for private construction,
hesitant to upgrade the baseline energy
Gap #1: Vermont does not require stri
state-funded buildings.
Recommendation: the state should p
support and promotion of programs to
forward on energy efficiency and h
buildings. If the state mandated a
practices such as ENERGY STAR
requirements for state-funded buildin
only preserve state resources but also
advanced building practices by setting a
Statewide Climate Change Initiative
Vermont, much like most of the northe
been examining the climate change and
several years.
On September 16, 2003, Governor
emission reduction targets through Ex
14-03, which directed state government
state government buildings and op
recommendations of The Conference of
Change Action Planxvii.The executive or
interagency group chaired by the Co
Environmental Conservation, and Publi
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from
efforts to meet the states GHG emissio
effortsxviii.
xviiThe goals established by the Conferencbaseline by: twenty-five percent by 2012;seventy-five percent by 2050.xviii
All three CNWG reports are catalogued t
http://www.anr.state.vt.us/anr/climatechan
ont Gap Analysis
Why Climate Change Initia
Vermont is concerned with the
of climate change on the envi
economy. Since building energy
roughly 40 percent of energy u
and in Vermont, much of that e
non-renewable sourcesenerg
tool for reducing energygreenhouse gas emissions, not t
money.
Energy savings built into new
accrue over the life of the buil
that buildings typically last fro
adopting energy codes not o
building energy performance, b
performance of existing buildin
beyond. This makes energy co
long-term policy for mitigatin
and supporting the Vermont ec
dvanced building practices on state-funded faciliti
at save taxpayer dollars, but also further reduce t
comfort of public buildings. Such a mandate would
nstruction, create a more conducive environment
and afford leverage in negotiating with stakehold
code.
ter standards for
rovide additional
lead the market
igh performance
vanced building
or LEED-based
gs, it would not
encourage these
n example.
s
astern states, has
climate issues for
Douglas issued
cutive Order No.
agencies and departments to reduce greenhouse
erations. 21 The targets were set to be con
the New England Governors and Eastern Canadia
der also created the Climate Neutral Working Gr
missioners of the Departments of Buildings &
c Service that would be in charge of monitoring
ermont State Government operations.22 The grou
ns reduction goals and prepares biennial reports t
e are to reduce region-wide greenhouse gas emission
fifty percent by 2028; and, if practicable using reaso
rough the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources:
ge/Library.html
16
tives Matter
potential impacts
ronment and the
use accounts for
e in the nation
ergy comes from
codes are a vital
use and, thus,o mention saving
construction will
ding. Considering
m 50-100 years,
nly impacts new
t also the energy
gs until 2060 and
des an important
climate change
nomy.
s the state would
eir environmental
also demonstrate
for stricter energy
er groups that are
as emissions from
sistent with the
Premiers Climate
up (CNWG) as an
General Services,
and documenting
p also coordinates
o document these
s from the 1990
nable efforts,
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A few years later, on December 5, 200
and climate variation could have on Ve
signed Executive Order No. 07-05xix cre
this executive order, the GCCC was char
1. examine the real and potential
and the economy;
2. produce an inventory of existi
emissions within the state;
3. educate the public about clim
Vermonters understand how th
4. request input from representati
non-profit, higher education, m
emissions and conserve energy;
5. develop recommendations to th
through a Climate Change Actio
In response, the GCCC submitted their
for Climate Strategies, the Plans goal i
plan includes strategies to improve build
In addition to these efforts, Vermont is
Gas Initiative (RGGI) in 2005xx
which is a
greenhouse gas emissions. RGGI is the
the United States." RGGI is made up of
Maine, New Jersey, New York, Rhode I
established a regional cap on CO2 emissi
a tradable CO2 allowance for each ton
emissions and take that money to fund
technologies.25
A more recent activity in June of 2010:
Columbia, announced a Declaration o
initiative aims to, "expand safe and
transportation costs, improve overall ai
xixThe executive order can be found here:
http://governor.vermont.gov/tools/index.pxx
Vermonts Governor signed the MOU and j
coordination to reduce greenhouse gases
http://www.leg.state.vt.us/statutes/fullsecti
ont Gap Analysis
, further recognizing the profound implications th
monts economy, environment and quality of life,
ting the Governors Commission on Climate Chan
ged with several duties to achieve over the next tw
ffects of climate change to public health, natural r
g and planned actions that contribute to greenh
ate change and develop educational tools that
y can play a role in reducing greenhouse gas emiss
ves of the business, environmental, forestry, trans
nicipal and other sectors regarding opportunities
e Governor to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in
Plan no later than September 1st, 2007.23
limate Change Action Plan in October 2007. Accor
to reduce emissions by 75% by 2050 using 1990
ing efficiency codes and training.24
also active on a regional level and joined the Re
"cooperative effort by ten Northeast and Mid-Atla
first mandatory, market-based CO2 emissions red
northeast states: Connecticut, Delaware, Massac
land and New Hampshire. The ten states particip
ons from the power sector and are requiring powe
of CO2 they emit. The states chose to auction ne
rograms supporting end-use energy efficiency and
leven Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern states, as we
f Intent for the Transportation and Climate Ini
reliable transportation options, attract federal i
r quality and public health, and mitigate the tran
p?topic=ExecutiveOrders&id=1623&v=Article
oined other states in the RGGI initiative. 30 V.S.A. 255
ion.cfm?Title=30&Chapter=005&Section=0025517
at global warming
Governor Douglas
ge (GCCC). Within
years:
esources,
ouse gas
will help
ions;
ortation,
o reduce
Vermont
ding to the Center
as a baseline. The
ional Greenhouse
ntic states to limit
uction program in
usetts, Maryland,
ting in RGGI have
r plants to possess
arly all of the CO2
renewable energy
ll as the District of
iative (TCI).26 The
nvestment, lower
portation sector's
: Regional
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Ver
impact on climate change."27
Included
District of Columbia.
Green Building Overview and Incen
LEED
Of the 5,156 LEED certified building
Vermont had 29 or just over 0.5% of th
For LEED registered buildings, Vermont
the nations 18,029.29 The state is on
other states in the region, including: C
Rhode Island, and New Hampshire
Pennsylvania, and, finally, New York le
region for LEED structures.
ENERGY STAR for Homes
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agen
green building practices. To earn the E
set by the EPA, making them 2030%
performance through a combination of
performance windows, tight constructi
Qualified lighting and appliances.31 To
verification by a certified Home Energy
the builder throughout the construction
construction techniques and conduct
inspections to document that the home
Vermont has 6,776 ENERGY STAR hom
number of ENERGY STAR homes and 3
were constructed by 48 different ENER
is more impressive is that the ENERG
penetration of 36% in 2009, the late
national average of 21%.35 The prevalen
homes were built above-code, making t
the state has five ENERGY STAR Pro
Department, Vermont Public Power
Cooperative.
ont Gap Analysis
Why Green and Above-Code Pro
Green and advanced codes and s
transform the marketplace b
performing buildings into the m
also raise awareness of energy
efficient design for the public, a
and building professionals and
Finally, they raise the ceiling for
performance, which, in turn,
shapes the development and admodel codes.
in this initiative are the ten RGGI members, Pen
tives
in the country,
e national total.28
accounts for 46 of
par with several
nnecticut, Maine,
. Massachusetts,
ad the way in the
cys (EPA) ENERGY STAR for Homes is another way
ERGY STAR, a home must meet strict guidelines fo
more efficient than standard homes.30 Homes ac
energyefficient improvements, including: effectiv
n and ducts, efficient HVAC equipment, and instal
ensure that a home meets ENERGY STAR guid
Rater (or equivalent) is required. Often, the rater
process to help determine the needed energy-savi
s required on-site diagnostic testing and
is eligible to earn the ENERGY STAR label.32
s, accounting for about 0.6% of the nations
7 were constructed in 2009.33 These homes
Y STAR partner builders in the state.34 What
Y STAR New Home program had a market
t year on record, which is well above the
ce of ENERGY STAR homes means that many
e cost of transitioning to their new code less chall
uct Partners: Burlington Electric Department, R
Supply Authority, Village of Johnson, and W
18
grams Matter
tandards help to
bringing high
ainstream. They
- and resource-
s well as design
code officials.
building energy
accelerates and
option of future
sylvania, and the
to gage Vermonts
r energy efficiency
hieve this level of
e insulation, high-
ling ENERGY STAR
elines, third-party
works closely with
ng equipment and
nging. Moreover,
eadsboro Electric
shington Electric
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Ver
standards of the Vermont ENERGY STAR
meets RBES, Washington Electric will pr
The state also has natural gas efficiency
programs administered and implement
efficiency loan so homeowners can u
Burlington Electric Department adminis
rebates for energy efficient lighting and
Gap #2: the state should engage and
cooperatives on programs that promote
Recommendation: DPS or another sta
an incentive program that supports c
Figure 3: Map of Vermont Electric Coopera
Vermont Electric Cooperative
ont Gap Analysis
Utility& Cooperative Pro
Efficiency Vermont (EV
first ratepayer-funded
utility providing energy
statewide. EVT pr
incentives and technical
Vermont residents and
their energy costs wit
technologies. Efficienc
provides energy-efficie
construction and reno
payers pay for this
efficiency charge on th
code-related project fu
is the code hotline th
assistance daily from 8
The two largest power
state, Green Mountain
Vermont Public Service
energy efficiency and
programs available to t
members. The Washing
is proactive utility th
members to find ways
own electricity. Theenergy efficiency effort
compliance by providing
for new homes that me
Homes program. After a home energy rating verif
vide participants with a $150 bonus.37
and green energy programs, including several nat
d by Vermont Gas Systems, Inc. Vermont Gas pro
grade their equipment and windows to make
ers a program for apartments and commercial ten
appliances, among other efficient technologies.38
strategize more with utilities, especially Efficie
energy code development, implementation, and c
e department could work with utilities and coope
mponents of the pending 2011 RBES. Utilities
tives & Utilities, Source:
19
grams
T) is the nation's
energy efficiency
efficiency services
ovides financial
assistance to help
businesses reduce
h energy-efficient
y Vermont also
nt approaches to
vation. The tax
with an energy
electric bills.36 A
nded through EVT
t offers technical
m to 5 pm.
companies in the
Power and Central
Corporation, have
renewable energy
heir customer and
ton Electric Co-Op
t encourages its
to produce their
Co-Op supportss and energy code
added incentives
t or go above the
ing that residence
ural gas efficiency
vides a residential
omes less drafty.
ants that provides
cy Vermont, and
mpliance.
ratives to develop
an become more
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Ver
involved with programs supporting cod
side management effort. Additionally,
changes to system wide demand.
There are additional programs encoura
Energy Rating System (HERS). This proc
consistent home energy ratings are pe
companies listed on the RESNET we
regulations on Interconnection Standa
Metering, which all promote local clean
Enterprise Development (SPEED), with
encouraging long-term contracts for ele
Building America
Since 1994, the DOEs Building America
new and existing homes. Working with
to improve the quality and performance
homes. To qualify, homes must receiv
innovative house-as-a-system approach
percent with little or no impact on the
used in more than 42,000 homes acros
other new homes sit on the market for
Through its Builders Challenge progr
EnergySmart Home Scale label. Build
programs assist and reward builders wh
energy threshold requirements for the B
According to the Building America we
specifications.42
Vermont Building Greener
The Vermont Buildin
residential buildings i
certifies and quantif
sustainable criteria.
experts and continue to be used as a
model for other similar green building c
xxiThe Procedure sets minimum standards fo
quality control. These standards assure that
ont Gap Analysis
compliance as these programs can be considered
he energy efficiency of new construction aids uti
ing efficiency, such as state-specific provider accr
edurexxi took several years to create and ensures
rformed by accredited HERS providers.39 At this
site (Residential Energy Services Network).40
ds, Line Extension Alternatives, Renewable Ener
energy generation. Another program is the Sustain
the program intent to promote renewable energ
tricity from renewable sources.41
program has been raising the bar for energy effici
national laboratories and the residential building i
of todays homes while continually working towar
e a score of 70 or less on the HERS index, thou
can reduce a homes average energy consumption
cost of new construction. Building America appr
the country to date. These homes typically sell
onths.
m, new homes that meet stringent qualificati
rs Challenge is similar to ENERGY STAR for Ho
o build homes more efficiently than standard prac
uilders Challenge program are different than those
bsite, builders in Vermont have built 1 home to
g Greener (VBG) Program is a voluntary certific
Vermont. An initiative of Building for Social Respo
ies that homes participating in the program a
he program criteria have been created and sup
ustainable standard in Vermont and elsewhere a
rtification programs in the region.43
r rater training, operating procedures and policies, soft
customers can rely on the representations of accredited
20
another demand-
lities in predicting
ditation for Home
that accurate and
time, there are 5
ermont also has
y Rights and Net
ably Priced Energy
development by
ncy and quality in
ndustry, its goal is
s net-zero energy
gh the programs
by as much as 40
oaches have been
ithin weeks while
ons can earn an
mes in that both
tice. However, the
of ENERGY STAR.
Building America
tion program for
nsibility, VBG both
e constructed to
orted by regional
d may serve as a
are programs, and
providers.
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Ver
Local Policy
Local energy code adoption varies grea
have full authority to adopt energy cod
a statewide minimum first. On the othe
prohibits local jurisdictions from diverg
between, mandating a minimum cod
jurisdictions.
In Vermonts case, when codes are a
jurisdictions. In conversations with buil
law.
IBC
The 2006 Fire & Building Safety Code i
which covers commercial construction.
ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2007 as an alter
the IBC is equivalent to the IECC and St
municipalities in Vermont have adopte
choose not to enforce it by not also
equivalent to adopting the IECC. Wit
accurate to err on the side of caution an
Local Adoption Spotlight
With being a rural state, very few local
are among the few.
Since 1991 when the Burlington City
residential construction and applicabl
Construction for the City of Burlington,
guidelines. However, the citys chief e
rental properties. In March 1997 the
Efficiency Standards Ordinance to imp
Time of Sale Energy Ordinance, im
insulation and other thermal perform
dwellings. The ordinancexxii was created
xxiiWhen a rental property is being transferr
Vermont licensed mechanical engineer, or a
clerk when the deed is recorded in the land
ont Gap Analysis
ly from state-to-state. In strong home rule states,
s that best fit the needs of their community, while
r end, some states mandate a minimum-maximum
ing from the state code whatsoever. Most states
e, but allowing some flexibility to go beyond
opted at the state level, they are theoretically
ers, most local building permits direct builders to
based on the 2006 edition of the International B
The IBCs Chapter 13 references the IECC, which,
ative compliance path for commercial constructio
ndard 90.1. However, it is difficult to make this cl
d the 2006 Fire & Building Safety Code but elimin
dopting the IECC. Therefore, in practice, adopt
out assurances that a community enforces Chap
d assume that it does not.
ities have an active building department; Burlingt
Council established an ordinance requiring all
new equipment comply with the Guidelines fo
Vermont.44 The Public Health and Safety Departm
ergy focus has not been the energy codes and,
urlington City Council passed the Minimum Rent
rove rental dwellings within the city.45 This ordin
proves structures that are substandard due to
nce defects that cause the inefficient use of e
to address the well-known split incentive that exis
ed and there is a deed recorded, an inspection report m
n inspector certified by the program administrator, and f
records. The inspection report includes a certificate of e
21
local jurisdictions
others must meet
energy code that
fall somewhere in
it in progressive
adopted for local
comply with state
uilding Code (IBC),
in turn, references
. In theory, then,
aim because many
ate Chapter 13 or
ing the IBC is not
ter 13, it is more
n and Montpelier
commercial and
r Energy Efficient
nt enforces these
ather, retrofits to
al Housing Energy
ance, dubbed the
lack of adequate
ergy to heat the
ts between renter
st be signed by a
iled with the city
ergy efficiency
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Ver
and landlord for energy efficiency impr
and retrofit work; in the citys 2000 Cli
standards were very conservatively est
Burlingtons Municipal Development P
minimally addressed within chapters eig
the municipal code and ordinances with
comprehensive code enforcement, and
the penalties for landlords who continu
On September 8, 2010 Montpelier co
Master Plan. In the Master Plan, there
hopes to reach in the housing and build
to get development regulations (zonin
state standards and incorporate smart
Commission hope to do this by develo
buildings and land in areas where grow
affordable housing units. The City Cou
add affordable units to their properties
Additionally, by 2015, the city wants all
built within five percent of the highes
housing stock use less energy and w
promoting and educating about the
construction to meet sustainability st
Montpelier will be exploring and cre
adaptation building design. Recommen
for eco-efficient structure site design aefficient. The city will be active wit
requirements for energy efficiency, clim
more stringent standards. Building code
instituted: City regulatory reform is ne
serve as the policy framework for the re
Energy Codes for Municipal-funded
By requiring stricter standards for publ
efficient construction, create a more c
compliance, if the standards of this article ar
year from the date of transfer to complete txxiii
The 2000 Burlington Climate Action Plan
http://burlingtonclimateaction.com/files/20
ont Gap Analysis
vements in rental housing. There are benefits to
ate Action Plan, the potential for emissions reduc
imated to exceed 100 tons per year.xxiii Another cr
lan, the most recent version is from 2006 in
ht and nine - the Energy Plan and Housing Plan: A
an eye on reducing CO2 loads and Encourage inc
support the code enforcement ordinance that sig
to violate livability standard.46
pleted its long process with the City Council a
re a set of goals for Housing and Buildings. So
ings sector are directly code related. By 2015, Mo
, subdivision, and building codes) to meet appli
rowth principles for sustainability. The City Counc
ping new regulations and incentives to improve t
th is concentrated. Another recommendation is t
cil will create financial incentives to encourage p
nd to bring existing units up to code.
l new and retrofitted, residential and non-resident
t energy and water-efficient design available and
ter then the reported 2004 level. They hope t
enefits of eco-efficient building design and en
ndards, such as LEED. Over the course of th
ating incentives for adopting eco-efficient stand
ations from their plan to meet these goals are to
d to provide financing incentives for buildings thah code development by reviewing the building
ate adaptation, and building construction consisten
s are directly mentioned as one aspect of how the
ded to implement the Master Plan and that the
gulation.47
Facilities
ic buildings, jurisdictions demonstrate their comm
nducive environment for stricter energy code ad
e met, or a listing of the standards not met. The propert
he energy improvements.
can be found here:
09/10/Municipal.pdf
22
code enforcement
ions from the two
itical document is
hich codes were
mend and enforce
reased funding for
ificantly increases
opting their new
e targets the city
ntpelier is working
able national and
il and the Planning
e efficient use of
o help create new
roperty owners to
ial buildings to be
also to have the
o achieve this by
ouraging all new
next few years,
ards and climate
consider subsidies
t are more energycode and adding
t with LEED and or
aster Plan will be
aster Plan would
itment to energy-
option for private
y owner is given a
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Ver
construction, and give themselves lev
upgrade the baseline energy code. The
their environmental impact, and improv
Currently, there are no cities or counties
Gap #3: stricture standards are not req
Recommendation: given with the uniq
opportunity to lead the state by requirin
Local Climate Change Initiatives
Two cities in Vermont have signed on
Under the agreement, participating citi
Protocol targets in their own communitenact policies and programs to meet or
United States in the Kyoto Protocol;
legislation, which would establish a
Montpelier were the only representativ
Local Governments for Sustainability (IC
who have made a commitment to sustai
information services to build capac
implementation of sustainable develop
initiatives can provide an effective and
objectives. They have programs focusi
Projectxxiv, sustainable cities, and wat
participating in this association: Burlingt
Overview of Local Green and Above
The City of Burlington has developed a z
Councils Leadership in Energy and En
Code, development projects that build
building height and corresponding floor
around building height restrictions and
view.
xxivThe EcoMobility Shift Program aims at de
sustainability of local governments transpo
EcoMobility Label that values their efforts t
pedestrians, cyclists, wheelers and public tr
ont Gap Analysis
rage in negotiating with stakeholder groups th
y also save taxpayer dollars with lower energy bi
e the air quality and comfort of public buildings.
that mandate special requirements for municipal
ired for municipal-funded buildings.
ue enforcement structure in Vermont, municipal
g advanced energy efficiency for city or county-fun
to the U.S. Conference of Mayors Climate Prot
es commit to take three steps: 1) strive to meet
ies; 2) urge their state governments, and the fedebeat the greenhouse gas emission reduction target
and, 3) urge the U.S. Congress to pass greenho
national emission trading system.48 Mayors fro
s from Vermont who supported this effort.
LEI), is an association of over 1,100 local governme
nable development. ICLEI provides technical consu
ity, share knowledge, and support local go
ment at the local level. Their basic premise is th
cost-efficient way to achieve local, national, and gl
ng on biodiversity, solutions to climate change,
er conservation, among others.49 Vermont has
on and South Burlington.
-Code Building Programs
oning code that incentives those who build to the
ironmental Design (LEED) standards. Under the
to a minimum of LEED Silver certification are elig
area ratio.50 Therefore, these buildings have the
, possibly, gain a scenic view.51 You build green,
veloping a method to assess, improve and promote the
t and land-use planning policies. Municipalities will be a
o improve the friendliness of their cities, neighborhood
nsport users.
23
t are hesitant to
lls, further reduce
uildings.
ities still have the
ded buildings.
ction Agreement.
or beat the Kyoto
al government, tosuggested for the
use gas reduction
Burlington and
nts in 68 countries
lting, training, and
ernment in the
t locally-designed
obal sustainability
EcoMobility SHIFT
two communities
.S. Green Building
Burlington Zoning
ible for additional
pportunity to get
you get a better
environmental
le to obtain an
s and facilities for
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Renewables
Energy efficient construction brings d
operators of commercial buildings. F
efficiency measures, the overall energy
the size of solar PV and solar hot wat
costs are lowered for homeowners
technologies and lower cost by way of
the provision of on-site energy genera
production at the building level also co
goals adopted by many states such as V
Adoption Summary: Best Prac
Current Best Practices
Vermont has an update process
Following adoption by the com
state.
The state is in the process of u
fully implemented, this updated
In developing the 2011 RBES,
stakeholders within the cod
organizations to contribute thro
Vermont has currently issued a
develop and implement a model
Gaps and Recommendations
Gap #1: Vermont does not require strict
Recommendation: the state should p
market forward on energy efficiency
building practices such as ENERGY STAR
only preserve state resources but also e
Gap #2: the state should engage and
cooperatives on programs that promote
Recommendation: DPS or another sta
an incentive program that supports c
involved with programs supporting codside management effort. Additionally,
changes to system wide demand.
Gap #3: stricture standards are not req
ont Gap Analysis
own the cost of renewable energy options for
or residential buildings, when homes are equi
demands of the home decreases, which allows ho
r equipment on their rooftops. By buying smaller
potentially resulting in increased market pene
economies of scale for manufacturers. The same p
ion for commercial buildings. Taken as a whole,
pliments utilities efforts to meet the renewable
rmont.
ices and Recommendations
for both their residential and commercial codes.
issioner of public service, the codes are mandato
dating their RBES and CBES with strengthening a
code will have greater efficiency levels than the 20
the state made an impressive effort to include
advisory committee and also invited comm
ughout the process.
n RFP to measure current baseline performance
l code.
er standards for state-funded buildings.
ovide additional support and promotion of pro
and high performance buildings. If the state m
or LEED-based requirements for state-funded buil
courage these advanced building practices by setti
strategize more with utilities, especially Efficie
energy code development, implementation, and c
e department could work with utilities and coope
mponents of the pending 2011 RBES. Utilities
compliance as these programs can be consideredhe energy efficiency of new construction aids uti
ired for municipal-funded buildings.
24
homeowners and
ped with energy
eowners to lower
-scale equipment,
tration for these
rinciple applies to
renewable energy
portfolio standard
ry throughout the
endments. When
09 IECC.
a wide range of
unity and other
nd compliance to
rams to lead the
ndated advanced
ings, it would not
ng an example.
cy Vermont, and
mpliance.
ratives to develop
an become more
another demand-lities in predicting
Comment [kg1]: Kelly, is this c
be happy to inc orporate any inforwish.
orrect? W
mation th
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Ver
Recommendation: even with the uniq
opportunity to lead the state by requirin
Implementation
While energy code adoption is the nec
compliance. To achieve the desired ene
cities must carry out energy code impl
prepare state energy offices, local buil
compliance with the energy code. It in
based training, establishing and utili
educational and organizational efforts.
Overview of State and Local I
For residential buildings enforcement st
through self-certification. As stated in
recognizes that it is the builders resp
technical efficiency standards, and the
minimum efficiency.53 Technical assist
Assistance Center (ECAC). They have
downtown Burlington.
RBES Compliance
Fast-Track
Method
The simplest approach. Allo
set of features. Minimal calc
Trade-Off
Method
Almost as simple as the Fas
more designs. You trade o
for other features in your de
VTcheckSoftware
Method
Use your computer with Valmost any design and deter
needed to meet the Code.
Home Energy
Rating Method
Achieve a minimum score of
to comply. This approach
efficient domestic hot water
ont Gap Analysis
ue enforcement structure in Vermont, municipali
g advanced energy efficiency for city or county-fun
essary first step in the energy codes process, it d
rgy and financial savings available through energy
ementation, a term used to describe all of the a
ing departments, the building industry, and othe
ludes outreach to stakeholder groups, on-site, cla
zing enforcement infrastructure, tools, and sy
plementation Policies
andards and criteria are set on a per home basis
the Vermont Residential Building Energy Code Ha
nsibility to understand the Energy Code, to buil
to certify (on a one-page form) that the building
law. No plan
inspections by
involved. 52 T
discretion to use
available metho
with the code.
thermal and prthat must be m
the RBES but,
simplest approac
levels of efficienc
complex method
nce is made available at no charge through E
hotline that is open daily from 8 am to 5 pm
Methods
ws you to incorporate a prescribed
ulations.
-Track method, but accommodates
f various Fast-Track requirements
ign.
Tcheck software to easily analyzemine whether any modifications are
82 (the high end of a 4 Star rating)
gives full credit for air tightness
heating, and solar orientation.
25
ties still have the
ded buildings.
oes not guarantee
codes, states and
tivities needed to
r stakeholders for
ssroom, and web-
tems, and other
nd are completed
ndbook, The law
to the minimum
complies with the
reviews or final
ode officials are
e builder has
one of the four
ds of complying
Each method has
escriptive valuest to comply with
generally, the
h has the highest
y, while the more
are closest to the
Ts Energy Code
and an office in
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For residential homesxxv
, the builder mu
in the home near the electrical box or
town clerk for the town or city in whic
Service. Builders interviewed have exp
DPSs websitexxvii and found on page 46
Gap #4: there is not a process in place t
Recommendation: provide improvem
complied with the RBES without submit
service panel, as a condition for a fin
Efficiency Certificate is sent to the Ve
physical enforcement is through the Di
xxvOwner/builder projects are exempt fro
meet certification requirements by completi
Vermont Department of Public Service websxxvi
RBES Certificates are available on the Ver
http://publicservice.vermont.gov/energy/ee
http://publicservice.vermont.gov/energy/eexxvii
RBES Certification can be found on DPSs
http://publicservice.vermont.gov/energy/eexxviii
Alterations, renovations, or repairs on c
required to complete the certification proce
Figure 4: an example of the Energy Efficiency
Certificate from the RBES
ont Gap Analysis
st fill out the RBES certificatexxvi
, copied for future
heating equipment. Copies of the certificate mus
h the home is located as well as the Vermont De
ressed that they are not filed. The certificate is a
f the Energy Code Handbook.
ensure builders are filing Certifications with local
ent notices to builders letting them know th
ting the certificate.Prosecute or fine builders who
necessary documentation after notice has bee
had a licensing infrastructure, the state coul
cancel professional licenses.
The RBES holds builders accountable by way o
if a home required by law to meet the code
a home owner may seek damages in court
occupancy or the filing of the required certifi
Similar to the RBES, Energy Efficiency Certif
demonstrate compliance with the CBES fo
constructionxxviii. As stated in chapter 13 o
Safety Code, the certificate is filled out
approved by the Department of Public
compliance with the Vermont Guidelines f
Commercial Construction, for the design a
any public building, other than one and tw
and multi-family dwellings three stories
shall be affixed in a visible location inside t
vicinity of the heating or cooling equipmen
l occupancy permit.55 Together with a signed Af
rmont Department of Public Service and the to
ision of Fire Safety, which is required to ensure t
m the technical requirements of the RBES, but the owne
ng and filing a disclosure statement. This is found online
ite.
mont Department of Public Service website:
_resbuildingstandards.htmland
_files/rbes/rbes_certificate_form.pdfwebsite, here:
_resbuildingstandards.html
mmercial buildings are required to meet the energy cod
ss.
26
needs, and posted
be filed with the
artment of Public
vailable online on
overnment.
y have not fully
do not submit the
sent. If Vermont
also suspend or
consumer action:
does not comply,
ithin six years of
ation.54
icates are used to
new commercial
the 2006 Fire &
by a builder and
ervice, indicating
r Energy Efficient
nd construction of
o family dwellings
or less in height,
e building, in the
t or the electrical
idavit, the Energy
n clerk; the only
he certificates are
r/builder must
through the
e, but are not
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Ver
posted in new construction. It is import
officials, it does not eliminate inspectio
250, which applies to large-scale comm
Gap #5: there is no process in place
Certificates with the Vermont Departme
Recommendation: provide improvem
complied with the CBES without submit
necessary documentation after notice
could also suspend or cancel profession
Gap #6: the state should investigate par
Recommendation: the state should inv
further ensure large projects are compli
fact, the District Environmental Commis
capability and development plan, inclu
using the best available technology for e
Outreach
Energy codes have come a long way, bu
consumers and some policymakers. M
uneducated about energy code requi
jurisdictions can undertake to raise aw
implementation, and identify opportun
diversity of the energy codes communit
improve understanding of code changes
States Role in Promoting Codes
Currently, the state has a very Aristoteli
with very little follow through or s
implementation, and compliance occur
oversight difficult. If the state had an in
adoption, Vermont would see vast imp
their citizens and decreased electrical a
meet the states RGGI targets, among ot
xxix
The law created nine District Environmencriteria that are designed to safeguard the exxx
Scope of Act 250: development projects
permanent zoning and subdivision bylaws; h
for construction proposed above 2,500 feet
ont Gap Analysis
ant to note that while the CBES does not require i
ns related to the Land and Development Act xxix, kn
rcial and residential projectsxxx
.
to ensure commercial contractors are filing the
nt of Public Service.
ent notices to contractors letting them know t
ting the certificate.Prosecute or fine builders who
has been sent. If Vermont had a licensing infrast
l licenses.
nerships with bodies of government that have simi
stigate partnerships with the Act 250 Environment
ant with the CBES. The energy code is in line with
sion reviews energy as part of the ninth criteria,
ing, for instance, limiting development on primar
nergy efficiency, and using cluster planning in rural
there are still many people unaware of their benef
any code officials and building and design prof
rements. Outreach involves all of the activities
areness of the need for energy codes, promote t
ities for training, technical assistance, and other s
y across the country, execution of strategic outre
, create buy-in, and can lead to greater levels of co
n approach to energy codes; the codes are adopte
upportive infrastructure for high-quality enforc
over several agencies and departments of agenci
rastructure that supported the energy code and s
rovements in compliance, which ultimately mean
nd natural gas demand that may help reduce air p
her climate initiatives.
tal Commissions to review large-scale development projnvironment, community life, and aesthetic character of t
ust exceed 10 acres, or more than 1 acre for towns that
ousing project s with more than 10 housing units or lots;
of elevation.
27
spections by code
own locally as Act
Energy Efficiency
ey have not fully
do not submit the
ructure, the state
lar goals.
al Commissions to
oals of Act 250. In
ill conform to the
agricultural soils,
growth areas.
its, including most
essionals are also
states and local
heir adoption and
upport. Given the
ch campaigns can
pliance.
d at the state level
ement. Adoption,
es, making central
w it through after
money saved for
ollution and help t
ects using 10he state.
do not have
and may also apply
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Ver
The building community is expected t
Several builders have the opinion that
statewide enforcement. One builder
feeling is that without a statewide buil
The DPS, with the help of DOE, has
buildings are under the scope of both th
Guidelines For Energy Efficient Comm
Handbook. The commercial handbook h
Gap #7: lack of training and materials fo
Recommendation: the state currently
RBES; however, sustained training op
communitys understanding of the requi
Gap #8: more collaboration across statadoption, implementation, and enforce
Recommendation: the energy code has
also decreasing harmful emissions. Th
made a collaborative effort across the st
Gap #9: Vermont state government sh
one state agency and, if possible, one d
Recommendation: one agency should b
Local Governments Role in Promot
In many states, the local governments
Efforts at the local level support the im
the repository of the RBES and Energy
regards to the energy code. In speaking
resources to support the energy code. I
code.
Gap #10: local jurisdictions are in need
Recommendation: Vermont Depar
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