val noronha university of california, santa barbara transportation centerlines: case studies from...
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Val NoronhaUniversity of California, Santa Barbara
Transportation Centerlines: Case
Studies from California and Iowa
RSPA/FDOT 2004-12-02 #2 © University of California. All rights reserved. N C R S T
Structure
U.S. DOT — NASAPartnership
Transportation Legislation “TEA-21”
Environment
Flows Hazards
Infrastructure
4 universities
4 TAPs
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Outline
What is a centerline?• Applications, requirements, status
Survey Methods• Remote sensing: eyeball, analytical• GPS: high-end, low-end• Photogrammetry
Tomorrow’s precision standards
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The Grapevine
Northbound and southbound carriageways of I-5 switch places for 6 km along the San Andreas Fault
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Where is the Gore point?
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Centerline Applications
Application Long Lat
Market research 250m 250m
Emergency reporting 25m 5m
Highway operations 15m 2m
Lane tolls 15m 2m
Snow plowing 15m .2m
ITS 2020 .2m .1m
Who’s paying?
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Centerline databases — families
Pro
duce
rsU
sers
ITS
State, localDOT
USGS1:24K
State, local
Engineering
DesignCAD
Mapquest
TIGER
GDTNavtech
CVO/Logistics
RS RS RS
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Facets of centerline data
Existence: omission/commission Geometric accuracy (2-D) Linear accuracy Attributes
• name and address range, speed limit• lane width, shoulder width …
Topology Data model
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Name Discrepancies
A B C D EE CAMINO CIELO RDCAMINO CIELO no record E CM CIELOSAN MARCOS PASSHIGHWAY 154 SAN MARCOS PASSSAN MARCOS PASSHWY 154 CA-154 blankMOUNTAIN DR MOUNTAIN MOUNTAIN W MOUNTAIN DRE MOUNTAIN DR PARK E MOUNTAIN DR
BELLA VISTA PARK LNBELLA VISTA DR
FOOTHILL RD CATHEDRAL OAKSHWY 192 CATHEDRAL OAKSCATHEDRAL OAKS RDCATHEDRAL OAKS RD FOOTHILL FOOTHILL RD
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Solutions—Geometry
Remote sensing GPS
• high-end dedicated• multiple vehicles?
Photogrammetry Mosaic engineering drawings
R E M O T E
S E N S I N G
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Hyperspectral process 1
MESMA(Dar)
Q-tree Vectorize
Additional steps: clean, conflate
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MESMA(Dar)
Thinning,Filters
Comparison
Additional steps: clean, conflate
Hyperspectral process 2
T H E G P S
C H A L L E N G E
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High end (“SOP”) GPS
ARAN Output: GPS
every 10 m — not topological centerlines
Cost: x 104
(service)Roadware Inc
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ARAN output
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Problems w/ Dedicated GPS
Need to get it right the first time Verification? IMU helps ($$$)
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The Consumer-GPS Challenge
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GPS Results — lane resolution
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The one to beat …
$150 at Staples
Convenience Price
T H E G R E A T
G P S - L I N E A R
COMPATIBILITY
C H A L L E N G E
?
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LX for professionals
DMI: accurate to 1 m
Linear referencing: “US101 — 20.25”
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A 7075C 7472E 7330DMI 7477GPS 7446
6400
6600
6800
7000
7200
7400
7600
A B C E DMI GPS
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A Myth about Linear vs 2D
Distance over the hill is greater: need to correct for elevation
Difference = 0.25% (on a 7% grade)
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What Really Happens on the Hill
Inaccurate (x,y) geometry shortchanges length up to 20%
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Linear Accuracy Tests — Setting
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Linear Accuracy Tests — Setting
~10 km road, rises 800m, average 8% grade
Numerous hairpins Some dense tree canopy
and partial GPS occlusion Remote sensing would
have difficulty with this
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Linear Accuracy Test — Results
$150-GPS length close to DMI• uphill: 1 ~ 1.5%• downhill: 0.5%
Uphill/downhill difference• Simulated: opposing lane geometry: 0.02-0.05%• GPS: 0.2% (higher downhill speed?)• DMI: 1.5% (affected by engine rev?)
Conclusion (provisional, more study needed)• GPS just as accurate (±0.5%), more consistent
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Will GPS replace LR?
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Big Picture
Applications Scale Convert Remote GPS Photo- Enggpaper sensing grammetry plans
Mkt research 1:50K • • • • •EMS 1:20K • • • • •Hwy ops 1:20K • • • • •Lane tolls 1:5K • • •Plowing 1:1K • • •ITS 2010 1:100 • •
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Manual Softcopy
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UNETRANS
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The Future
ITS• lane departure warning• autonomous control and platooning
Sub-decimeter accuracy Millions of sensors
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Tomorrow’s Centerlines
Car navigation system automatically updates local map while you gas up
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Conclusions
No single solution to all requirements
Showing promise• Remote sensing• GPS• Photogrammetry
Attribution, conflation, modeling … and data exchange
1www.ncgia.org
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