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PLANET EARTH
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HISTORY OF EARTH
MILLION YEARS BC
INDEXED (Earth formed to now =100)
EVENT
4,700 100 Earth formed
3,800 81 Earliest evidence of life
200 - 65 4.3 - 1.4 Age of dinosaurs
5 0.11 First human like apes
0.13 0.003 Homo sapiens appeared
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SOME EFFECTS OF MAN ON THE ENVIRONMENT
TIME/PERIOD SOME EFFECTS
8000 BC Development of agriculture
Classical Greek Deforestation in Greece
Classical Roman Copper in atmosphere as result of copper production for coinage
Middle Ages Deforestation in Kent.Pollution in villages, towns and cities
Industrial revolution Major pollution and ecological damage
First half 20th century Smog in industrial cities
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SOME PAST ENVIRONMENTS
Gin Lane by Hogarth (1750) Legacy of industrial revolution by
Lowry
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LONDON SMOG OF 1952
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THE 20th CENTURY
• Environmental change is as old as the planet
• Man has continually altered the environment, but there has never been anything like the 20th century
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SOME MEASURES OF 20TH CENTURYITEM INCREASE 1890-1990
World population 4
World urban population 13
Average life expectancy Increased
Industrial output 40
Energy use 16
Carbon dioxide emissions
17
Water use 9
Marine fish catch 35
Cars Astronomical increase
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LATTER HALF OF 20th CENTURY
1950 1997• Population (bln) 2.5 5.8• Life expectancy at birth 47 67• Megacities (> 8 mln) 2 25• Food (avg cal/capita) 1980 2770• Fish catch (mln tons) 19 91• Water use (bln cu m) 1300 4200• Rain forest cover index 100 70• CO2 emissions (bln t C) 1.6 7.0• CFC in atmosphere (ppb) <1 3.0
Source:World Resources Institute, 1996
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IMPROVED LOT OF MANKIND
By many indicators the lot of mankind has vastly improved. For example:
• Prosperity
• Life expectancy
• Education
However this does not mean that things are good enough Lomborg, 2001
Also there are threats and unknowns
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ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
• The good news is good: never before have so many experienced so rapid an improvement in their standards of living
• The bad news is appalling: a large number of desperately poor countries are falling further behind
Wolf, Financial Times, 2003
Question: are there environmental implications of the good news?
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DEVELOPMENT AND THE ENVIRONMENT: SCHEMATIC
Industrialisation problems, e.g
• SO2 and other toxic industrial and transport related emissions
• greenhouse gas emissions
• total consumption of water, energy and other non renewable resources
• waste
• urbanisation
• child labour
Scope: local, regional and global
Poverty problems, e.g
• Malnutrition
• lack of clean water
• lack of sanitation
• smoke from cooking
• pressure on local resources e.g. wood for fires
• child labour
Scope: local
Affluence problems: manyindustrialisation problems plus concerns over, e.g.
• GM foods
• chemicals in environment
• nuclear energy
• destruction of countryside
• pressure on wildlife
• transport: roads, airports
Economic development (GDP)
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MAJOR GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
Include:• Greenhouse gases and global warming
• Use of non renewable resources
• Fresh water availability and quality
• Food availability and distribution
• Pollution and waste
• Biodiversity loss
• Deforestation
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• Food safety • Chemicals in the environment
• Genetically modified food
• Traffic
• Noise • Litter
• Mobile phones • Nuclear energy
• Ozone hole in atmosphere
• Destruction of countryside
Include:
OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS
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YEARS OF LOST LIFE CAUSED BY SOME MAJOR RISK FACTORS
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
World, total Developing Developed
Years of life lost
%
Malnutrition
Water &Sanitation
Unsafe sex
Tobacco
Physical inactivity
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MAGNITUDE OF SOME ISSUES AND COST TO ALLEVIATE
Issue Effects Approx cost to provide
Clean drinking water for 1.1 billion people
2 million deaths plus 0.5 billion seriously ill per year
$165 billion
Sanitation for 2.5 billion people
$30 billion
Cleaner air indoors for 2.4 billion people who use traditional cooking stoves
1.6 million deaths per annum from effects of smoke
$30 billion
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COMPARISON OF THREE MAJOR ISSUES
Issue Effects
AIDS To 2003:• 42 million cases• 22 million dead
Clean drinking water and sanitation
Per year:• 2 million deaths• 0.5 billion seriously ill
Natural disasters
Per year:• 70,000 deaths
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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
£ xx
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FACTOR FOUR
If the world population and average wealth doubles, then for there to be no increase in environmental impact the third term will have to improve by dramatic factor of 4
This is merely to maintain the ‘status quo’. To reduce environmental impact, higher values are required. For example to halve greenhouse gas emissions an improvement factor of 8 would be needed
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ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINTS
If the entire world lived like North Americans, it would take three planet Earths to support the present world
population
Energy is the main component of this
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POTENTIAL IMPACT OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: SCHEMATIC
Adapted from an FoE publication
21009 billion people
20006 billion people
Developing countries if resource consumption and emission figures increase
to those of developed countries
Developed countries
Global environmental
impact in terms of resource
depletion and major emissions
Year and global population
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MAJOR GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES
• 1.2 billion people living in poverty on less than 1 US dollar a day
• Potential impact of industrialising countries like China and India, e.g. in generation of greenhouse gases
• Disproportionate impact of developed countries, e.g. in generation of greenhouse gases
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ECONOMIC GROWTH AND HUMAN HAPPINESS
In economically developed countries the link between
economic growth and human happiness is breaking
Something is missing!
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MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF HUMAN NEEDS
PHYSIOLOGICAL food, water, shelter, warmth
SAFETYsecurity, stability, freedom from fear
BELONGING, LOVE friends, family, spouse
SELF-ESTEEMachievement, mastery,
recognition, respect
SELF-ACTUALISATION
pursue inner talent, creativity, fulfilment
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GEOGRAPHICAL IMPACT OF OUR ACTIONS
• Some things we do impact locally, e.g. waste generation
• Some things we do impact locally and globally, e.g. greenhouse gas emissions
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SOME ISSUES TO CONSIDER
Consider:
• What effect our actions have on
our local environment
• What effect our actions have on the global environment
• What example are we setting to less developed countries
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Some reasons for an individual’s position on the environment
Personal values
Societal ‘norms’Laws
Available Options
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