origin of life. universe formed 15 billion years ago (big bang) galaxies formed from stars, dust and...
TRANSCRIPT
Origin of Life
• Universe formed 15 billion years ago (Big
Bang)
• Galaxies formed from stars, dust and gas
• Earth formed 4.6 billion years ago
Earth 3.5 bya
• Suns energy stripped away 1st atmosphere
• 2nd atmosphere formed from volcanic outgassing
• Primitive atmosphere: CO2, water vapor, lesser
amts of CO, N2, H2, HCl, and traces of NH3 and
CH4 (3.5 bya)
• O2 came in 3.2-2 bya
• Autotrophic Organisms: photosynthesis
• Another environmental change
• Result in evolution
The sum total of the chemical processes that occur in living organisms, resulting in growth, production of energy, elimination of waste material, etc.
• Anabolism- build up of complex molecules
• Catabolism- break down of complex molecules
Metabolism
• Autotrophs– Organisms that get their energy by
making their own food (like plants)– Plants capture energy from the sun, use
water and carbon dioxide to make sugars and starches
• Heterotrophs– Organisms that take in food to meet their
energy needs– Animals must consume autotrophs
(plants), and other heterotrophs to meet their energy needs
Earth’s Atmosphere
OxygenEvidence for O2 production:
Banded Iron Formations (BIF) BIF found in ocean sediments red
bands are high in Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 (red bands)- forms when reduced iron reacts with O2
Photosynthesis
6H2O + 6CO2 + light C6H12O6 + 6O2
“Oxygen revolution”
Time (billions of years ago)
4 3 2 1 0
1,000
100
10
1
0.1
0.01
0.0001
Atm
osp
he
ric
O2
(pe
rce
nt
of
pre
sen
t-d
ay
leve
ls;
log
sc
ale
)
0.001
Oxygen
Evolution of Ozone• Accumulation of free O2 in the atm also led to
the accumulation of ozone– Ozone important for blocking incoming UV
radiation
• Even small amounts of atm O2 leads to enough ozone to provide some protection against UV– Partial screen likely to have formed ~ 1.9 bybp– Presence of this UV filter allowed life to move out
of the oceans and onto land– Consistent with the timing of evolution of
eukaryotes and higher plants
• 0.5 billion years ago
• Atmosphere O2 to 1% current
• Compare to present: 78% N2, 21% O2, 0.04% CO2, + trace gasses
• Relatively small, most single cell
• Start of multicellularity
• Increase in cell complexity
Formation of Earth’s Oceans(4 bybp):
Rain
Condensation
Off gassing of water vapor from volcano
Life began~ 3.5 bya
Organic molecules (C H O N P S) swimming in shallow seas
Stage 1: Abiotic synthesis of organic molecules such as proteins, amino acids and nucleotides
Stage 2: joining of small molecules (monomers) into large molecules
Stage 3: origin of self-replicating molecules that eventually made inheritance possible
Stage 4: packaging these molecules into pre-cells, droplets of molecules with membranes that maintained an internal chemistry
Thomas Huxley- Search for origin of life
Wyville Thompson: HMS Challenger (1872-1876) found it was actually diatomacous ooze reacting with seawater and ethyl alcohol
Bathybias heckali- primordial ooze
Miller and Urey’s Experiment
ELECTRICITY!!!
Organic molecules like amino acids
Produced:• 20 amino acids• Several sugars• Lipids• Purine and pyrimidine bases (found in
DNA, RNA & ATP)
END.
RNA worldRNA world
• The first genetic material was probably self-replicating, catalytic RNA not DNA;
• In “RNA world”, RNA could have provided the template on which DNA was assembled
• Once DNA appeared “RNA world” gave way to “DNA world”
• The first organisms were not photosynthetic; they were probably heterotrophic
The RNA world theory says that RNA both stored and catalysed reactions that reproduced genetic information in early evolution.
Protobionts, collections of abiotically produced molecules surrounded by a membrane-like structures
Liposomes can form when lipids or other organic molecules are added to water.
- Have a bilayer- Can undergo osmosis- Can “reproduce”
Protocell (Protobiont)Fatty acid membrane with ribozymes inside
OxygenEarliest Evidences: oldest fossilsOldest photosynthetic microbes 3.5-3.2 B.Y.
- Bacterium-like- Unicellular- Evidence for breakdown products of photosynthesis
Cyanobacteria, 3.5 B.Y.
Stomatolites, 3.5- 0.7 B.Y.
Three-domain systemExtremophilesProkaryotes Eukaryotes
Look at how this evolution happened!
chemosynthetic bacteria (extremophiles)
Chemosynthesis:
02 + 4H2S + C02 CH20 + 4S +3H20
Stromatolites (bacteria & cyanobacteria)
Oldest fossils found in western Australia and southern Africa ~ 3.5 byo
Photosynthesis:
6H2O + 6CO2 + nutrients + light energy C6H12O6 + 6O2
Cellular Respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6H2O + 6CO2 + energy
Stromatolites from Shark’s Bay Australia
mostly cyano
Early prokaryotes may have arisen near hydrothermal vents
Hydrothermal vents are rich in sulphur and iron-containing compounds needed for ATP synthesis. Temperatures can reach 120 C.
Hot springs in Yellowstone National Park – pigmented bacterial mats