us history 13rd march, 2012
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US history survey
March 13, 2012Market revolution: industrialization,
transportation, commercialization
announcements
• paper # 1, due Tuesday 27 March
• details on topic and guidelines at the end of this power point.
Industrialization
• Rural & agricultural life based on rhythm of seasons & sun.• Industrial life based on clocks, rhythms of
machinery. • Britain & US both began machine-based manufac- turing with textiles.
cotton
• Invention of cotton gin by Eli Whitney, 1793.• Cleaned short staple cotton rapidly.• Led to rapid growth of cotton production
across lower South, by slave labor. • Primarily exported to English textile mills.
Northern investors, owners, inventors.
• Northern business handled shipping, insurance, brokerage of S. cotton exports.
• International slave trade financed 18th c. development.
• Slave labor/cotton financed 19th c. industrial development.
cotton
• Slave labor grew cotton in S. • Mill owners bought raw cotton.• Picking, carding, spinning, warping, weaving –
elements of creating cloth, formerly done by hand, now by machinery, under one roof.
• Created multiple types of cloth, including “negro cloth,” rough cloth for
clothing slaves.
US industrialization relied on water power.
Lowell mills,Massachusetts
Lowell in 1850
• A mile’s worth of factory buildings – 40 mill buildings. Also machine shops.
• 6 miles of canals – machinery was powered by the river’s power from waterfalls.
• 10,000 looms.• 10,000 workers.• Mills ran 12 hours daily, 6 days a week.
• Where could corporations find workers to produce cotton textiles?
Labor force for textile mills
• Daughters of New England farmers.• Typically 15 – 25, but began as young as 10. • Mills provided boardinghouses for mill girls, so
parents would consent to their daughters’ working in mills: respectability & supervision.
• Mill girls required to live in boardinghouses & to attend church on Sundays.
• Worked average 73 hours a week, 1830s & 1840s.
New England farms
Lowell, Massachusetts
mill girls
Mill girls’ culture
• Published workers’ magazines.• Protested against speed-up in work & cuts in wages – 20% cut in 1842, by walking out.• Lowell Female Reform Association, 1844.• New England Workingmen’s Assoc. -- efforts to limit workday to 10 hours.
Mill girls replaced by
• Irish immigrant families.• Later Polish, French Canadian, Greek
immigrants.• Cheap labor by immigrants – the ongoing rule
for profit-making in US business, through the present.
Q: where did technological knowledge come from?
• A: stolen from Britain.• Hamilton wanted to copy British factories.• Samuel Slater left England by disguising himself
& brought knowledge of factory system & loom to US.
• Francis Cabot Lowell lived in England, toured factories, wrote down technology every night, & brought info back to US.
Market revolution,1815 - 1860
1. improvements in transportation.2. commercialization – consumer goods for sale replace self-sufficiency & barter.3. industrialization – power-driven machinery produces goods formerly made by hand.
transportation
• natural transportation: Atlantic Ocean, Great Lakes, & deep & powerful rivers.
• Canals connected bodies of water.• Roads & turnpikes. • Railroads. • Huge country, rapidly growing population.
Funding transportation
• All agreed government had to help fund transportation improvements.
• Disagreements over whether states or federal government should pay.
• National Road – 1st federally funded highway, 1811 – 1834.
Erie Canal1825
Erie Canal connected western agriculture, eastern manufacturing, & eastern ports.
• Funded by NY legislature
passing a bond issue.• Major engineer- ing accomplish- ment - 83 locks.• Irish immigrant
laborers.
steamboats
• Dangerous, but stimulated trade on inland rivers.• First regulation by federal govt.
railroads
• Technological & scientific development, as well as large profits.
• 1830 1st RR, Baltimore & Ohio, 13 miles.
• By 1860, 31,000 miles of track.
• Technological & supply problems to be solved.
• Stimulated iron industry & created locomotive industry.
RRs
• In 1860, 70% of railroads were in the North.
• Railroads were major contribution to industrialization in US. Created many other businesses.
legalities
• Supreme Court decisions encouraged commercial enterprise, because they gave federal government (not states) power over interstate commerce.
• States passed laws creating incorporation of businesses.
Other impacts of transportation developments
• Oriented Americans away from Atlantic/Europe & to own heartland. Pride & American identity.
• Spirit of conquest of nature.• Strengthened North by improving ties with
West, rather than with South.
paper # 1, due Tuesday 27 March
• Imagine that you are one of the following people (b. 1790). – A member of the Lewis & Clark expedition.– A New England farm widow.– A Shawnee Indian.– An enslaved person sold from Virginia to Alabama.
• Do as much internet research as you feel necessary to write a convincing autobiography.
• Requirements:– 3 – 4 paragraphs, typed, double-spaced. – essay form: introduction, body, and conclusion.– only typed papers will be accepted.– name at top right of page.
Reading assignment for March 20
• Solomon Northrup, Twelve Years a Slave:Narrative of Solomon Northup, a Citizen of New-York, Kidnapped in Washington City in 1841, and Rescued in 1853 (1853)
• http://docsouth.unc.edu/fpn/northup/northup.html
• chapter VIII, p. 105 – 117.
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