u.s. department of the interior … · i n d i a p l at e arab i a plate eu ra s i a p l at e i n d...

60° 65° 70° 75°

80°

60° 65° 70° 75°

80°

25°

30°

35°

25°

30°

35°

PAKISTA N

INDIAIRAN

TURKMENISTAN CHINATAJIKISTAN

ISLAMABAD

NEW DELHI

KABUL

Karachi

AFGHANI STAN

I N D I A P L A T E

A R A B I A P L A T E

E U R A S I A P L A T E

I N D I A NO C E A N

HI N D U K U S H

H

IM

AL

AY

A

Gr e

a t I n

d i a n D e s e r t

P a r a p a m i s u s R a n g e

G a n g e s P l a i n

R i g e s t a n

Central Makran Range

Su la iman

Ra.

47 mm/yr

43 mm/yr

K a r a k o r a m R a n g e

K U N L U N S H A N

60° 65° 70° 75°

80°

60° 65° 70° 75°

80°

25°

30°

35°

25°

30°

35°

PAKISTA N

INDIAIRAN

TURKMENISTANCHINA

TAJIKISTAN

ISLAMABAD

NEW DELHI

KABUL

Karachi

AFGHANI STAN

I N D I A P L A T E

A R A B I A P L A T E

E U R A S I A P L A T E

I N D I A NO C E A N

HI N D U K U S H

H

IM

AL

AY

A

Gr e

a t I n

d i a n D e s e r t

P a r a p a m i s u s R a n g e

G a n g e s P l a i n

R i g e s t a n

Central Makran Range

Su la iman

Ra.

60° 65° 70° 75°

80°

60° 65° 70° 75°

80°

25°

30°

35°

25°

30°

35°

PAKISTA N

INDIAIRAN

TURKMENISTANCHINA

TAJIKISTAN

ISLAMABAD

NEW DELHI

KABUL

Karachi

AFGHANI STAN

I N D I A P L A T E

A R A B I A P L A T E

E U R A S I A P L A T E

I N D I A NO C E A N

HI N D U K U S H

H

IM

AL

AY

A

Gr e

a t I n

d i a n D e s e r t

P a r a p a m i s u s R a n g e

G a n g e s P l a i n

R i g e s t a n

Central Makran Range

Su la iman

Ra.

2001

1945

1934

1935 19051931

1997

1905

1902 19501917

1907

50

25

818818

818

765

1892

1874

1852

1842 1828

1827

1819

1803

16881668

1175

1102

Map prepared by U.S. Geological SurveyNational Earthquake Information Center17 October 2005Map not approved for release by Director USGS

EARTHQUAKE SUMMARY MAP XXXU.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIORU.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

DISCLAIMERBase map data, such as place names and politicalboundaries, are the best available but may not be current or may contain inaccuracies and thereforeshould not be regarded as having official significance.

Seismic hazard is expressed as peak ground acceleration (PGA) on firm rock,in meters/sec², expected to be exceededin a 50-yr period with a probability of 10 percent.

RELATIVE PLATE MOTIONSThe relative motion of adjacent tectonic plates is depicted on the map by short vectors shown at selected locations on the plate boundary. In this presentation, one of the plates is defined as the reference plate. The vector therefore repre-sents the direction of motion of the adjacent plate relative to the reference plate. The rate of relative motion is labeled next to the vector.The components of the vector perpendicular and parallel to the plate margin approximate converg-ent/divergent and transverse direction of motion between the plates, respectively. As viewed from the reference plate, an inward directed component suggests convergence at and near the plate bound-ary that may be expressed as crustal folding, up-lift, thrust faulting, or plate subduction. Similarly, an outward directed component suggests plate divergence such as would be expected at a zone of crustal spreading. Transcurrent or transform faulting would be expected when the dominant vector component is parallel to the plate margin.

M7.6 Northern Pakistan Earthquake of 8 October 2005

I N D I AP A K I S T A N

A F G H A N I S T A N

C H I N A

N o r t h e r n A r e a s

A z a dK a s h m i rP r o v i n c eJ a m m u &K a s h m i r

N o r t h - w e s t F r o n t i e r

N a n g a r h a r

K o n a r h a

D u s h a n b eB a d a k h s h a n

T a k h a r

L o w g a r

L a g h m a n

K a p i s a

K a b o l

P u n j a b

H i m a c h a lP r a d e s hP u n j a b

P a k t i a

X i n j i a n g

B a l u c h i s t a n Sakrialu BhuntarKahnuwanDhariwalKulu

KamokeSahiwal HajipurPulgaKatnorGURDASPUREMINABAD

Maihbal Midh BanjhaHAFIZABAD MirakpurRoda

Nawan Jandanwala

TarmahrShirir

SARGODHAKot Azam

KangraPaharpur

PalampurNAROWAL

Adhi Kot JabokkeDINANAGAR PATHIARJawali

Takwara Kahur Kot GUJRANWALASatrah Nainakat

DHARMSALAHatli

Paniala MITHATIWANA

ShakargarhPATHANKOT

LORRIKKEGul Iman PASURAKALGARHBHALWAL

DhamithalSHAHPURPiplan

KHUSHABNURPUR

GhakharRASULNAGARQAIDABAD

PezuBara

BangaholJandola

ZafarwalChawindaMADHOPUR

JHAWARIAN

KATHUAHararAmaKhel

Daska BhorokiWAZIRABADKundian MahrajkeSambnalSIALKOTKUNJAH Chakroi

GushaiMALAKWAL

ChambaNaushahra

GUJURATMINDABAHAUDDIN

PIND DADAN KHAHMIANWALIChhanni

LAKKINawanshahrKHEWRA DINGA ChaprarJALAPUR

Nurpur DhallewalliISA KHEL

Hinsa

Razmak DaulatNagar

DillewaliJAMMU Hinsa

DaulatNagar

Karianwala KarlupShainiRamnagarKHARIANSarai Naurang

KurwandaDhangar ThirduDaud Khel

UDHAMPURDumare

TALAGANGChakwal JHELUM

KALABAGHBhimbar BhadarwahBANNUMIRAM SHAH

Thalol GondoRiasi GoatiPandori

Taka

Makhad NaushahraKhandhotDoda

Chaunkri

ShanderoTaharChackPINDI GHEB

Char

TANISariaGUJAR

KHAN

TichipKadnel

Sangtha

Panjan

Yaytah

KHOWSTAriz

MandraKotBainka

THALRajauri

Mugal MaidanGund Chila

YAQUBI

SuMarbalHANGU

FATEHJANGHaraz

KOHAT RAWALPINDISokh Sarul

SaddaNogam

HoniaShupiyan

Shahderi

ANANTNAGHajiraCAMPBELLPORE WAH PUNCH Bijbiara Mul

WarwanRajpurCherat

DoltalAish MugamPARACHINAR Kahuta

ChangaLinshot

MURREEHAZROAwantipura

Chaluk

Kasba

SkioSokhniz

PESHAWARNOWSHERA

HARIPUR

RanbinpuraBaziranPampur ZulidokNarastanGulmargTopi

GulmatungoSRINAGARUri

Longzaling

LANDIKOTAL

BrariyenSuruABBOTTABADCHARSADDA

PalhalanLEH

Wazir MARDAN

PhonjilaItchuBARAMULA

MachakkaAmpultunHarganyiwan

GERDI

ShispurSaspulGompa

KulanSOPOR DragriyungSonamargTANGI

Hiniskut KhalsiUmbaAgham

MANSHERAMUZAFFARABAD

IsganiapMatayanKhardung

DrasJALALABAD

SkirbuchanWanagam GomaSomat

SAKHAKOTNutnus

Satti

Shudur BadoabKargilKuligam

Lalu Arganglas

TOTAKANSorubiBAT KHELA

SumurGoma HanuDalunangWampor

DumgulGultari

KharuSaigar KhusrunaralPashshad Suti

MarolMurgi

LariYagulung

MinimargSeriChalunka

KelKalapaniBakwali

PapaldoShang

SasomaChuar

NURESTANSardar Chauki

Chechri Kadal MulSaralBaihk

ASMAR

SaserFazildin-Ki-Basti

Koliap LunkhaDechinpaWama

Rattu Catt ParkuttaGomaKghapluGwali

TanshamKhumeNilaw

KelisKrabathung

ChapoKhorkondus

AranduSkardoAstar Tanpa

Biaso

KhandHiusmingAmeGesChilas

KatsalaMirkhaniNamika

AtitiMushkinSazin Dusi

Ramghat Pul RonduSilbu

KhavakDomot Barmas

NiyerHurimal

PahotTeshapaliHurban

Shah-e Pari Singur GILGIT

DorchanHopeMaroi Bargu PainNomal

DungGushten

BuburHandrapLon Gupis

BaltitChatorkhand

XaidullaChindrikirBrep

MazarPasuMunjawaGhowraydGharami

MenggubaoChinderikin

Morich

KhudabadEshkashem

LashtKeshem KilBuattar

1905

19111949

19211985

195119931974 19651983

192219291902

190819431909

1924

19371950

70°E

70°E 71°E

71°E

72°E

72°E

73°E

73°E

74°E

74°E

75°E

75°E

76°E

76°E

77°E

77°E

78°E

32°N

32°N

33°N

33°N

34°N

34°N

35°N

35°N

36°N

36°N

DISCUSSIONEarthquakes and active faults in northern Pakistan and adjacent parts of India and Afghanistan are the direct result of the Indian subcontinent moving northward at a rate of about 40 mm/yr (1.6 inches/yr) and colliding with the Eurasian continent. This collision is causing uplift that produces the highest mountain peaks in the world including the Himalayan, the Karakoram, the Pamir and the Hindu Kush ranges. As the Indian plate moves northward, it is be-ing subducted or pushed beneath the Eurasian plate. Much of the compressional motion between these two colliding plates has been and continues to be accommodated by slip on a suite of major thrust faults that are at the Earth’s surface in the foothills of the mountains and dip northward beneath the ranges. These include the Main Frontal thrust, the Main Central thrust, the Main boundary thrust, and the Main Mantle thrust. These thrust faults have a sinuous trace as they arc across the foothills in northern India and into northern Pakistan. In detail, the modern active faults are actually a system of faults comprised of a number of individual fault traces. In the rugged mountainous terrain, it is difficult to identify and map all of the individual thrust faults, but the overall tectonicstyle of the modern deformation is clear in the area of the earth-quake; north- and northeast-directed compression is producing thrust faulting. Near the city of Muzaffarabad, about 10 km southwest of the earthquake epicenter, active thrust faults that strike northwest-southeast have deformed and warped Pleistocene alluvial-fan sur-faces into anticlinal ridges. The strike and dip direction of these thrust faults is compatible with the style of faulting indicated by the focal mechanism from the nearby M 7.6 earthquake.

EXPLANATIONMain Shock

8 October 2005

Aftershocks 8 - 15 Oct 20054.6 - 4.95.0 - 5.96.0 - 6.9

Earthquakes 1900 - 20050 - 69 km70 - 299300 - 699

Magnitude Classes4.0 - 4.95.0 - 5.96.0 - 6.9

7.0 - 7.9

8.0 - 8.9

Urbanized AreasPolitical Boundaries

InternationalProvincialDisputedLine of Control

Generalized Seismic Hazard

Tectonic Setting

0 100 200 300 40050Kilometers

SCALE 1:10,000,000Albers Equal Area Projection

SCALE 1:10,000,000Albers Equal Area Projection

0 100 200 300 40050Kilometers

SCALE 1:10,000,000Albers Equal Area Projection

0 100 200 300 40050Kilometers

Seismicity 1900 - 2005EXPLANATION

Main Shock

Main Shock

AftershocksEarthquakes 1900 - 2005

0 - 69 km70 - 299

Magnitude Classes4.0 - 4.95.0 - 5.96.0 - 6.97.0 - 7.98.0 - 8.9

Pre-1900 EarthquakesNo magnitude6.0 - 6.97.0 - 7.98.0 - 8.9

Plate BoundariesContinental ConvergentContinental RiftContinental LL TransformContinental RL TransformOceanic ConvergentOceanic RL Transform

Volcanoes

EXPLANATIONMain Shock

8 October 2005

AftershocksEarthquakes 1900 - 2005

0 - 69 km70 - 299

Magnitude Classes4.0 - 4.95.0 - 5.96.0 - 6.97.0 - 7.98.0 - 8.9

Plate BoundariesContinental ConvergentContinental RiftContinental LL TransformContinental RL TransformOceanic ConvergentOceanic RL Transform

VolcanoesSeismic Hazard

0.0 - 0.2 m/sec²0.2 - 0.40.4 - 0.80.8 - 1.61.6 - 3.23.2 - 6.46.4 - 9.8

Epicentral Area

DATA SOURCESEARTHQUAKES AND SEISMIC HAZARD USGS, National Earthquake Information Center NOAA, National Geophysical Data Center IASPEI, Centennial Catalog (1900 - 1999) and extensions (Engdahl and Villaseñor, 2002) HDF (unpublished earthquake catalog) (Engdahl, 2003) Global Seismic Hazard Assessment Program (GSHAP, 1999)PLATE TECTONICS PB2002 (Bird, 2003)VOLCANOES Smithsonian Institution, Global Volcano ProgramBASE MAP ESRI (1992), Digital Chart of the World GLOBE (1999) IOC, IHO, and BODC (2003)NEWS SOURCES Associated Press

REFERENCESBird, P., 2003, An updated digital model of plate boundaries: Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., v. 4, no. 3, pp. 1027- 80.Engdahl, E.R. and Villaseñor, A., 2002, Global Seismicity: 1900 - 1999, chap. 41 of Lee, W.H.K., and others,eds., International Earthquake and Engineering Seismology, Part A: New York, N.Y., Elsevier Academic Press, 932 p.Engdahl, E.R., Van der Hilst, R.D., and Buland, R.P., 1998, Global teleseismic earthquake relocation with improved trav- el times and procedures for depth determination: Bull. Seism. Soc. Amer., v. 88, p. 722-743.Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc., 1992, 1993, Digital Chart of the World: ESRI, Data Dictionary and CD- ROM(4), Redlands, Calif., USA.GLOBE Task Team and others, 1999, The Global Land One- Kilometer Base Elevation (GLOBE) Digital Elevation Model, Version 1.0: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administra- tion, Boulder, Colo., USA.IOC, IHO, and BODC, 2003, Centenary Edition of the GEBCO Digital Atlas: CD-ROM(2), British Oceanographic Data Centre, Liverpool, UK.

NORTHERN PAKISTAN 8 October 2005 03:50:40.61 UTC34.476° N., 73.577° E.Depth 26 kmMw = 7.6 (HRV)Over 22,288 people killed, 50,575 injured and many buildings heavily damaged or destroyed in northern Pakistan. The heavi-est damage occurred in the Muzaffarabad area where entire vill-ages were destroyed. Buildings collapsed in Gujranwala, Gujrat, Islamabad and Lahore. Felt at Chakwal, Faisalabad,Jhang, Sar-godha and as far as Quetta. At least 946 people killed and 4,386 injured in India. The heaviest damage occurred at Uri where 80 percent of the town was destroyed. At least 32,335 buildings col-lapsed in Anantnag, Baramula, Jammu and Srinagar, Kashmir. Felt in Delhi, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pra-desh, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttaranchal and Uttar Pradesh, India. At least one person killed and some buildingscollapsed in Afghan-istan. Felt from central Afghanistan to western Bangladesh. An estimated 4 million people in the area left homeless. Landslides and rockfalls damaged roads and bridges blocking access to many of the heavily damaged areas.

0 40 80 120 16020Kilometers

SCALE 1:2,000,000Albers Equal Area Projection

COMMUNITY INTERNET INTENSITY MAPThe Community Internet Intensity Map (CIIM) summarizesthe online questionnaire responses provided by Internetusers. An intensity number is assigned to each communityfrom which a filled-out CIIM questionnaire was received;each intensity value reflects the effects of earthquakeshaking on the people and structures in the community.The color of each circular symbol on the map representsthe average of the individual intensity values from thatcommunity; the size of the symbol is related to the population of the community.

LARGEST EARTHQUAKES 765 - 2005 PAKISTAN AND VICINITY

YR MO DY LAT LON DEPTH MAG

765 35.2 60.4 25 7.6 818 5 15 36.8 66.2 50 7.5 1175 37.5 65.5 15 7.1 1819 6 16 23.0 71.0 0 8.3 1896 9 23 37.0 71.0 160 7.5 1902 10 6 36.5 70.5 200 7.2 1905 4 4 33.0 76.0 0 7.8 1905 9 26 29.0 74.0 60 7.1 1907 10 21 38.0 69.0 0 7.2 1908 10 24 36.5 70.5 220 7.0 1909 7 7 36.5 70.5 230 7.6 1909 10 20 30.0 68.0 0 7.0 1911 7 4 36.0 70.5 190 7.4 1917 4 21 37.0 70.5 220 7.1 1921 11 15 36.116 70.724 152 7.6 1922 12 6 36.445 70.939 240 7.3 1924 10 13 36.522 70.831 179 7.2 1929 2 1 36.459 70.931 208 7.0 1931 8 27 29.473 67.172 35 7.1 1934 6 13 27.428 62.594 35 7.0 1935 5 30 28.894 66.176 35 8.1 1937 11 14 36.569 70.670 200 7.1 1943 2 28 36.500 70.500 210 7.1 1945 11 27 24.500 63.000 0 8.0 1949 3 4 36.000 70.500 230 7.4 1950 7 9 36.700 70.500 223 7.5 1951 6 12 36.300 71.000 223 7.5 1956 6 9 35.042 67.479 35 7.6 1965 3 14 36.400 70.716 210 7.5 1966 8 1 30.051 68.629 10 7.0 1974 7 30 36.368 70.732 214 7.1 1983 12 30 36.401 70.713 214 7.4 1985 7 29 36.164 70.864 100 7.4 1993 8 9 36.329 70.884 215 7.0 1997 2 27 29.970 68.220 22 7.1 2001 1 26 23.394 70.234 16 7.7 2005 10 8 34.476 73.577 26 7.6

EPICENTRAL AREA

EPICENTRAL AREA

EPICENTRAL AREA