unit iii: 1450-1750. “age of exploration”1750?: political revolutions why 1450?:

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UNIT III: 1450-1750UNIT III: 1450-1750

“Age of Exploration”

1750?:1750?:

Political Revolutions

Why 1450?: Why 1450?:

Overall Themes:Overall Themes:

Decline of Nomads (Rise of sea-based empires)

RISE OF EUROPE (exploration, Renaissance)

“Absolute” Monarchs

Consumerism (mercantilism; joint-stock companies)

Coercive Labor (slavery, corvée, indentured servitude)

Religious Rivalry (Protestant Reformation)

Afro-Eurasian Network:

- Silk Roads- Indian Ocean Trade-Trans-Saharan TradeTrans-Atlantic Trade:

-“Triangle” of trade- “Columbian” Exchange

Indian Ocean Hub:

- Chinese goods- Indian goods-Arab/European traders

Big Picture:

Circa 1300Circa 1300

1. Pop. decline (Black Plague, 1348)…then Pop. growth (2nd Ag. Rev.)

2. Feudalism in Japan & W. Europe

3. YuanYuan (Mongol) dynasty in China– Russia under Golden Horde

4.4. MaliMali at height

5. Delhi5. Delhi Sultanate Sultanate in India (Islamic, decline of Buddhism)

6. Founding of Ottoman DynastyOttoman Dynasty (1281)

7. Decline of ByzantiumByzantium

Think about it…Think about it…

What will change…

What will continue?

What societies are in the best position to take advantage of new technologies & new discoveries?

Ming ChinaMing China (1368-1644)(1368-1644)

Chinese Dynasty SongShang, Zhou, Qin, Han shang, joe, chin, hahnShang, Zhou, Qin, Han

Sui, Tang, Song sway, tang, soongSui, Tang, Song

Yuan, Ming, Qing, Republic yooan, ming, ching, RepublicYuan, Ming, Qing, Republic

Mao and Deng mou and dangMao and Deng

Chinese Dynasty Song Sing-a-Long.m4v

Ming ChinaMing China• Erased all signs of Mongols

– Neo-Confucianism (strict social structure)

Emperor-scholar-gentry-farmers-artisans-merchants

• Eunuchs play growing role (Zheng HeZheng He)

• Rebuilt Great Wall

• Became isolationist

MING CHINAMING CHINA

•Pop. Explosion

- champa rice production (S.E. Asia)

• Chinese goods bought in Asia & Europe

- paper, porcelain, silks

- Europeans traded in CANTON only

- traded for silver

Exploration & DeclineExploration & Decline

The eunuch Zheng HeZheng He sails:

- 7 voyages across Indian Ocean

- Then isolationist!

Ming Decline:

corrupt gov’t, public works fail, foreign threats * Conquered by Manchus

Tokugawa ShogunateTokugawa Shogunate

• New capital at EdoEdo (Tokyo)

• Feudal bureaucracy

• Rigid social structure (Neo-Confucianism)

• Began to restrict foreign trade:

- banned Christianity & Western books

- only Dutch & Chinese could trade at Nagasaki

ISOLATIONISM for the next 250 years.ISOLATIONISM for the next 250 years.

Who really had the power in Japan?

The “Gunpowder” Empires:Ottomans, Safavids, & Mughals

Ottoman Turks Ottoman Turks (1281-1914)(1281-1914)

• “Gunpowder” empire (land-based)

• Led by Sultan

- empire at height under Suleiman the Magnificent

- absolute monarch, theocracy

• Bureaucracy: Grand Vizier Grand Vizier (real power)

- “millet” system: religious units for taxing

• Military: Janissary Corps Janissary Corps soldiers (kidnapped European Christian boys who used guns)

DECLINE:

Sultans neglect power, overexpansion, corruption; Lack of military Westernization!

Mughal Empire: Mughal Empire: (1526-1739)

• Akbar the Great:Akbar the Great: stressed tolerance

– attempt to unite Hinduism & Islam– SikhismSikhism

• cotton textile trade w/ Europeans

DECLINE:

Corruption, outdated military, high taxes, religious conflict, foreign invaders

Which of the following was NOT a cause of decline of the Mughal Empire?

(A) centralized government returned to local political organizations

(B) foreign countries gained increasing influence

(C) leaders failed to bridge differences between Hindus and Muslims

(D) cost of warfare and defensive efforts to protect northern border drained treasury

Age of ExplorationAge of Exploration

Portugal:Portugal:

• New tech: caravels, astrolabe, compass

• W.Africa: sugar plantations & African slave trade

• Indian Ocean trade: spices, cotton, salt

• Brazil – SUGAR

Spain: Gold, God, & GlorySpain: Gold, God, & Glory

Spain:

• L. America

• Used Incan corvee labor system of “mitamita” to control indigenous people

Dutch:Dutch:

• Dutch East India CompanyDutch East India Company: joint-stock company owned by the crown, funded by private investors

• S.E. Asia: controlled the Strait of Malaca for spice trade

• N. America: fur trade; plantations

• South Africa: way station

England:England:

• English Civil War: Cromwell leads Parliament against royal Cavalier armyGlorious RevolutionGlorious Revolution: English Bill of Rights (1689)

• Constitutional Monarchy

• EnlightenmentEnlightenment Ideas

• American colonies

What characterized European social & economic life between the mid-1400’s & the mid-1700’s?

I. Mercantilism as the economic philosophy.

II. Population growth slowed during the 1600s.

III. The slavery trade decreased.

IV. The first companies & stock markets emerged.

 

(A) I only

(B) I and IV

(C) I, II, and III

(D) II, III, and IV

FranceFrance

• Absolute Monarchy - King Louis XIVKing Louis XIV- “ I am the State”- Palace of Versailles

• Mercantilism (Jean Baptiste Colbert): economic self-sufficiency; acquire bullion

• fur-trading (Quebec); sugar (Haiti)

                      

Americas (1450-1750)

• Population impacts: disease; goods; ethnic

– small pox – “Columbian exchange”– “CastasCastas”: Peninsulares

Creoles Mestizos, Mulattos

Africans, Amerindians & Zambos

• Encomienda System (indigenous labor in fields)

The Columbian ExchangeThe Columbian Exchange

Plants, animals, and micro-organisms of Afroeurasia were exchanged with those of the Americas across the oceans.

“Middle Passage”: SlaverySlavery-Brazil: biggest slave importer Brazil: biggest slave importer

-last to ban slaverylast to ban slavery

Commodities: Sugar, Silver, & Slaves

Which of the following was NOT a demographic effect on Africans due to the Columbian Exchange?

(A) gradual population increase after new crops

become established in Africa

(B) many Africans became Christianized

(C) syncretism of Christianity with indigenous

African religions

(D) more females were taken as African

slaves than males to the Americas

African Empires:African Empires:

• Kingdom of Benin

• Kongo: King Afonso (wrote letter to Port. King)

Slaves in exchange for guns, horses, rumguns, horses, rum

E. Africa:E. Africa:

Swahili coast

(Muslim traders)

- spices, slaves, ivory, gold from Zimbabwe

RussiaRussia

• Political hierarchy: Czar, Boyars, Cossacks (warriors), serfs

• Russian Orthodox Church

• Peter the GreatPeter the Great: pro-westernization – capital to St. Petersburg– shave beards

Changing BeliefsChanging Beliefs

• Protestant Reformation Protestant Reformation (Martin Luther’s 95 Theses; split from Catholicism)

• Neo-ConfucianismNeo-Confucianism (Ming revive Mandate)

• Missionaries: Christianity, Islam, Buddhism

Intellectual DevelopmentIntellectual Development

• Scientific RevolutionScientific Revolution: weakens Church power

• EnlightenmentEnlightenment: “natural” rights & freedoms

• RenaissanceRenaissance: patronage of the arts

Be able to compare the following:

• Imperial systemsImperial systems: European monarchies vs. land-based “Gunpowder” empires

• Coercive labor systemsCoercive labor systems

• Empire building Empire building in Asia, Africa & Europe

• Russia’s interaction with the west Russia’s interaction with the west compared to others

Which of the following was more of a social group than an ethnic group in the Americas?

(A) Mestizos

(B) Africans

(C) Peninsulares

(D) Mulattos

Which of the following was NOT an accurate description of interactions with the West?

(A) China remained relatively isolated allowing limited contacts in selected ports

(B) Russia had a mistrust of European ideas and only allowed Enlightened ideas that challenged the autocratic system

(C) Japan eventually ordered missionaries to leave and only allowed the Dutch to trade out of Nagasaki

(D) Mughal India allowed British access to trading ports, but eventually the British took control of local affairs

Which of the following was NOT a difference between land-based empires and water-based empires?

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