unit 2 the states of matter - juntadeandalucia.es · 2. the states of matter 2.1. the three states...

PhysicsandChemistryUNIT2 2ºESOIESÁNGELDESAAVEDRA

2.THESTATESOFMATTER

2.1.THETHREESTATESOFMATTER

Every substance can takeon several distinct forms calledphasesor states ofaggregationof matter. Four states of matter are observable in everyday life: solid,liquid, gas, and plasma.There are several other states (liquid crystal, superfluid,Bose–Einstein condensates…) but theseonly occur in extreme situations such asultracoldorultradensematter.

Substances canmove from one phase to another if certain physical conditions, liketemperature,change.Example:

Each state has different macroscopic1 properties:

SOLID LIQUID GAS

Fixed volume and shape Assumes the shape of the

bottom part of the container they occupy, with a free

surface at the top

Assumes the shape and whole volume of its container

Not easily compressible2.

Not easily compressible

Easily compressible

Does not flow easily

Flows quite easily

Flows very easily

Bothgasesandliquidsarecalledfluidsduetotheircapacitytoflow.1“Macroscopic” It means large enough to be visible to the naked eye. 2When you “compress” something, you measure out a certain amount of material and force it into a smaller volume.

• Copyinyournotebookthediagramthatshowsthemacroscopicpropertyofeachstateandlearnit.

• Writethenewvocabularyandsearchthemeaning.

• Go to this youtube video and answer the questions at the end of the unit.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U5x2S4iWDm8

• Clickanddothetest:http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/guides/zccmn39/test

PhysicsandChemistryUNIT2 2ºESOIESÁNGELDESAAVEDRA2.2.THEKINETICTHEORY

Thekineticparticletheoryexplainsthepropertiesofthedifferentstatesofmatter.Theparticlesinsolids,liquidsandgaseshavedifferentamountsofenergy.Theyarearrangeddifferentlyandmoveindifferentways.

The tablebelowsummarises thearrangementandmovementof theparticles in solids, liquidsandgases,andshowssimplediagramsforthearrangementoftheparticles.

Diagramofparticlearrangementandmovement

SolidsThetableshowssomeofthepropertiesofsolidsandwhytheyarelikethis.

Property WhySolidshaveafixedshapeandcannotflow Theparticlescannotmovefromplacetoplace

Solidscannotbecompressedorsquashed Theparticlesareclosetogetherandhavenospacetomoveinto

LiquidsThetableshowssomeofthepropertiesofliquidsandwhytheyarelikethis.

Property WhyLiquidsflowandtaketheshapeoftheircontainer Theparticlescanmovearoundeachother

Liquidscannotbecompressedorsquashed Theparticlesareclosetogetherandhavenospacetomoveinto

GasesThetableshowssomeofthepropertiesofgasesandwhytheyarelikethis.

Property WhyGasesflowandcompletelyfilltheircontainer Theparticlescanmovequicklyinalldirections

Gasescanbecompressedorsquashed Theparticlesarefarapartandhavespacetomoveinto

PhysicsandChemistryUNIT2 2ºESOIESÁNGELDESAAVEDRA• Draw in your notebook a diagram of particles for solids, liquids and gases according with the

Kinetictheoryanddescribetheirproperties.

2.3.STATECHANGES

Substances can exist as a solid, liquid or gas. Converting from one state to another usuallyinvolvesheatingorcooling.

• Heatmustbesuppliedtoasubstanceforittomelt,evaporateorboil.Forexample,youneedtoheaticetomeltit,andyouneedtoheatwatertomakesteam.

• Heatmustberemovedfromasubstancetocondenseorfreezeit.Inotherwords,thesubstancemustbecooleddown.

Under certain conditions, some solids turn straight into a gaswhenheated. This process is calledsublimation.Agoodexample is solid carbondioxide,also called ‘dry ice’.Atatmosphericpressure, itturnsstraightintogaseouscarbondioxide.

Liquidcarbondioxidecanonlyexistunderhighpressure, suchas in fireextinguishers. Iodinealsosublimes-itturnsdirectlyfromshinypurple-blackcrystalstoapurplevapourwhenwarmedup.

Changingthepressure

Agaswillalsoliquefy(turnintoaliquid)ifitspressureisincreasedenough.Thisisbecausetheparticlesaremovedcloseenoughforbondstoformbetweentheparticles.

Gas cylinders used for camping stoves and barbecues contain liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)underhighpressure.Assoonasthepressureisreleased,theliquidturnsbacktoagas.

• Drawinyournotebookadiagramwiththenameofthechangesofstateandlearnthem.

Questionsaboutthevideo:

§ Whatismatter?

§ Whatarethefivestatesofmatterthatareshowedinthevideo?

§ Matterneedsa_____________________temperaturetobeinBoseEinsteincondensatestate.

§ DescribethesolidcharacteristicaccordingtothevideoandtheKineticTheory.

§ Gasparticleshas_______bigspacebetweenthemand_______kineticenergy.

§ Plasmaisthe____________________stateintheuniverse.

www.elmers.com/teachers..................................................................................................................................................Elmer’s.Products,.Inc...©..2014.

Across:

2. Air is an example of a _________.

4. ________ in the sky are made from water vapor.

6. ________ take the shape of their containers.

7. ________ can be a liquid solid or gas depending on the temperature.

9. There are three basic states of ________.

Down:

1. ______ is the amount of matter an object has.

3. ______ have a definite shape and volume.

5. ______ is the amount of space that matter takes up.

8. All matter is made up of tiny particles called ______.

.

www.elmers.com/teachers..................................................................................................................................................Elmer’s.Products,.Inc...©..2014.

Across:

2. Air is an example of a _________.

4. ________ in the sky are made from water vapor.

6. ________ take the shape of their containers.

7. ________ can be a liquid solid or gas depending on the temperature.

9. There are three basic states of ________.

Down:

1. ______ is the amount of matter an object has.

3. ______ have a definite shape and volume.

5. ______ is the amount of space that matter takes up.

8. All matter is made up of tiny particles called ______.

.

PhysicsandChemistryUNIT2 2ºESOIESÁNGELDESAAVEDRA2.4.WORKSHEET.Answerthenextquestioninyournotebook:

1. Whatarethe3morecommonformsofmatterontheearth?a. solidb. plasmac. liquidd. gas

2. Thisstateofmatterhasnodefiniteshapeorvolume.

a. plasmab. gasc. liquidd. solid

3. Asolidisastateofmatterthathasadefinitevolume,butnotadefiniteshape.

a. Trueb. False

4. Asubstancewhichtakestheshapeofitscontainerandhasadefinitevolumeisa

a. solidb. liquidc. gasd. crystal

5. Particlesofmatterthatmovefaster(likeinagas)havemoreofwhat?

a. energyb. massc. colord. weight

6. Trueorfalse?Theparticlesofagasarepackedtightlytogether.

7. Trueorfalse?Gasesarehardtocompress.

8. Trueorfalse?Liquidsareeasytocompress.

9. Theparticlesinaliquidare

a. closertogetherthaninasolidandfurtherapartinagasb. arespacedthesameasinsolidsandgasesc. closerthaningasesbutfurtherapartinsolidsd. noneoftheabove

10. Theprocessbywhichliquidchangesintoagasiscalled_________________

11. Whenasolidchangestoaliquid,whatisitcalled?

12. Whenagasreachesitscondensationpoint,whatdoesitbecome?

13. Whatisitcalledwhenasolidchangesdirectlyintoagas?

14. Whensolidsreachtheirmeltingpoints,whatdotheybecome?