unit 1 welcome to biology! essential questions 1. what is science? 2. what is an organism and how is...

Unit 1Unit 1

Welcome to Biology!Welcome to Biology!

Essential QuestionsEssential Questions

1. What is science?

2. What is an organism and how is it related to biology?

3. What characteristics do all living things share?

4. Why do you need to know chemistry to study biology?

5. What are the 4 substances all organisms are made of and what are they used for?

1. What is science?

2. What is an organism and how is it related to biology?

3. What characteristics do all living things share?

4. Why do you need to know chemistry to study biology?

5. What are the 4 substances all organisms are made of and what are they used for?

What is Science?What is Science?

Science is a way of studying something and making rules about it.

Science is a way of studying something and making rules about it.

What is Biology?What is Biology?

Biology is the study of living thingsBiology is the study of living things

Examples: humans, animals, plants, bacteria, insects, fungus

Examples: humans, animals, plants, bacteria, insects, fungus

Scale of LifeScale of Life• Biosphere

– All parts of the Earth where there is life

• Ecosystems– Community of living things in an area, along with

nonliving things

• Organisms– An individual living thing– Species: distinct form of life

• Cells: – life’s basic unit of structure and function

• DNA – Chemical responsible for inheritance

• Biosphere– All parts of the Earth where there is life

• Ecosystems– Community of living things in an area, along with

nonliving things

• Organisms– An individual living thing– Species: distinct form of life

• Cells: – life’s basic unit of structure and function

• DNA – Chemical responsible for inheritance

3 Domains of Life3 Domains of Life

• Archea

• Bacteria

• Eukarya– Animalia– Plantae– Protista– Fungi

• Archea

• Bacteria

• Eukarya– Animalia– Plantae– Protista– Fungi

Characteristics of LifeCharacteristics of Life

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All Living Things…All Living Things…

…Require Energy…Require Energy

• Need energy to carry out activities, like metabolism and movement

• Usually ATP

• Need energy to carry out activities, like metabolism and movement

• Usually ATP

… Try to keep a balance… Try to keep a balance

• Homeostasis: Maintain internal balance

• Ex. sweating

• Homeostasis: Maintain internal balance

• Ex. sweating

…Reproduce…Reproduce

• Reproduce either sexually or asexually

• Reproduce either sexually or asexually

… Pass Information to Offspring… Pass Information to Offspring

• Inherit traits from parents

• Inherit traits from parents

…Are Made of Cells…Are Made of Cells

• Cells are the basic components of all living things

• Single-celled or multi-cellular

• Cells are the basic components of all living things

• Single-celled or multi-cellular

… Respond to Stimuli… Respond to Stimuli

• Respond to stimuli in their environment

• Respond to stimuli in their environment

… Adapt and Evolve… Adapt and Evolve

• Adapt to particular environments and evolve over time

• Adapt to particular environments and evolve over time

2-2 Basic Chemistry2-2 Basic Chemistry

• Most of the processes in life are chemical• All organisms are made of the same basic

building blocks• The world is made of many different

substances– Hundreds of thousands are known– All are made up of atoms combined in

different ways

• Most of the processes in life are chemical• All organisms are made of the same basic

building blocks• The world is made of many different

substances– Hundreds of thousands are known– All are made up of atoms combined in

different ways

AtomsAtoms

• atom: smallest possible particle of an element

– cannot be broken down by chemical means

• Subatomic particles– proton: single unit of positive electrical charge (+)– electron: negative electrical charge (-)– neutron: electrically neutral = no charge

• An element’s physical and chemical properties depend on the number and arrangement of its subatomic particles– Ex. Shiny luster of copper metal

• atom: smallest possible particle of an element

– cannot be broken down by chemical means

• Subatomic particles– proton: single unit of positive electrical charge (+)– electron: negative electrical charge (-)– neutron: electrically neutral = no charge

• An element’s physical and chemical properties depend on the number and arrangement of its subatomic particles– Ex. Shiny luster of copper metal

ElementsElements• Matter: anything that occupies space and has

mass• Element: pure substance that cannot be

broken down into other substances by chemical means– Ex. gold(Al), carbon(C), oxygen(O)– 25 essential to life

• 96% of our body is made of: oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen

• Compound: 2 or more elements– Ex. Carbon dioxide(CO2), water(H2O)

• Matter: anything that occupies space and has mass

• Element: pure substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical means– Ex. gold(Al), carbon(C), oxygen(O)– 25 essential to life

• 96% of our body is made of: oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen

• Compound: 2 or more elements– Ex. Carbon dioxide(CO2), water(H2O)

Chemical BondsChemical Bonds

• the force holding 2 atoms together– Ionic Bonds– Covalent Bonds

• molecule: group of atoms that form the smallest unit of a substance that can retain its chemical properties

• the force holding 2 atoms together– Ionic Bonds– Covalent Bonds

• molecule: group of atoms that form the smallest unit of a substance that can retain its chemical properties

Ionic BondsIonic Bonds

• ionic bond: an atom transfers an electron to another atom– ex. NaCl

• ion: atoms that have become electrically charged as a result of gaining or losing electrons

• ionic bond: an atom transfers an electron to another atom– ex. NaCl

• ion: atoms that have become electrically charged as a result of gaining or losing electrons

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Covalent BondsCovalent Bonds

• covalent bonds: two atoms share electrons – Number of bonds

formed= additional in highest level

• covalent bonds: two atoms share electrons – Number of bonds

formed= additional in highest level

2-3 Macromolecules2-3 Macromolecules

• macromolecule: large molecules that are made up of small molecules

• All organisms are made of 4 major types– Carbohydrates– Lipids– Proteins– Nucleic Acids

• organic molecule: contain carbon

• macromolecule: large molecules that are made up of small molecules

• All organisms are made of 4 major types– Carbohydrates– Lipids– Proteins– Nucleic Acids

• organic molecule: contain carbon

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

• carbohydrate: organic compound made up of sugar molecules

• Sugars contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen– Ratio 1C:2H:1O

– Glucose= C6H12O6

• carbohydrate: organic compound made up of sugar molecules

• Sugars contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen– Ratio 1C:2H:1O

– Glucose= C6H12O6

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Simple CarbohydratesSimple Carbohydrates

• Sugars– Glucose, fructose,

sucrose– Excess glucose is

converted to fat for storage

– Candy, fruit sugar

• Sugars– Glucose, fructose,

sucrose– Excess glucose is

converted to fat for storage

– Candy, fruit sugar

Complex CarbohydratesComplex Carbohydrates

• Simple carbohydrates linked together to form long chains

• Starches: wheat, rice, corn, potatoes

• Glycogen: stored form of glucose in muscles and liver of animals

• Cellulose: support in plants; “fiber”

• Simple carbohydrates linked together to form long chains

• Starches: wheat, rice, corn, potatoes

• Glycogen: stored form of glucose in muscles and liver of animals

• Cellulose: support in plants; “fiber”

LipidsLipids • lipids: class of compounds that is hydrophobic (water-fearing)

• Fats and oils– Protect organs, insulation, prevent

skin from drying out, act as a boundary that surrounds and contains the aqueous contents of your cells

– Twice the energy of carbs

• Waxes– Waterproofing (leaves)

• Steroids– Cholesterol, estrogen, testosterone

• lipids: class of compounds that is hydrophobic (water-fearing)

• Fats and oils– Protect organs, insulation, prevent

skin from drying out, act as a boundary that surrounds and contains the aqueous contents of your cells

– Twice the energy of carbs

• Waxes– Waterproofing (leaves)

• Steroids– Cholesterol, estrogen, testosterone

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ProteinsProteins

• protein: a polymer constructed from a set of just 20 kinds of monomers called amino acids.– responsible for almost all of

an organism’s functioning– Muscles, hair, structural parts

of cells, cartilage and bone, enzymes, hormones

• protein: a polymer constructed from a set of just 20 kinds of monomers called amino acids.– responsible for almost all of

an organism’s functioning– Muscles, hair, structural parts

of cells, cartilage and bone, enzymes, hormones

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Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

• DNA: dexoyribonucleic acid

• RNA: ribonucleic acid

• Carry genetic info

• DNA makes up chromosomes

• DNA: dexoyribonucleic acid

• RNA: ribonucleic acid

• Carry genetic info

• DNA makes up chromosomes

QuickTime™ and aSorenson Video decompressorare needed to see this picture.